I recently attended my breed’s National Specialty and came away with a renewed sense of appreciation for the club and its members. Since I didn’t have a dog entered, I had more time than usual to reconnect with many of the people I’ve known for well over 40 years. Most of the conversations focused on our breed and its future (as well as that of the sport), but some veered away from dogs into more personal territory. Over the course of five celebratory days, I was privileged to sit down with some of the finest people I know, sharing a bit of ourselves in ways that were once encouraged when we all had more leisure time. Without a dog to prepare for the ring, I was able to spend time listening to (and learning from) some remarkable individuals who shared so much of themselves without restraint. We talked about youthful adventures and discussed family and career responsibilities. We even shared a tear or two. No subject seemed off limits, and that allowed me to view familiar friends in a whole new light. With each conversation, I found myself growing in awe of the people who share my passion for our breed and my devotion to the sport purebred dogs. Though the week’s activities were certainly focused on the dogs and managing the club’s business, they also afforded moments to celebrate individual members, both officially and through so many spontaneous conversations. I don’t think club membership gets much better.

As you enjoy this issue, I wish you the very best of luck in your personal pursuits and hope that you find what you’re looking for.

showsightmagazine.com

CONTRIBUTORS

13 Editor’s Message

DAN SAYERS

16 A Word or Two

GINA DINARDO

20 The Truth About Breeder Exhaustion

DOUG JOHNSON

26 Breeder Interview with Jeff Margeson

ALLAN REZNIK

34 Lines From Linda

LINDA AYERS TURNER KNORR

41 Your Dog Show Expenses Mean Real Power in the Local Community

SHEILA GOFFE & JENNIFER CLARK

70 “Man’s Best Friend”

WALTER SOMMERFELT

75 Charting New Territory in the Working Group

ELLYN HUTSON

78 The Shape of Canine Anatomy

ANNE M. TUREEN

82 RHP Handlers Host Junior Seminar at First Colony Cluster

NANCY FISK & TIM THOMAS

86 Candids: Mid-Hudson Kennel Association

MARGARET FOXMOORE

99 The Genetics of Athletic Success

DR. CHRIS ZINK

102 The Bubble

STEPHANIE HUNT-CROWLEY

104 Are AKC Parent Clubs There For You, or Are You There for the Club?

DÉDÉ WILSON

107 Monthly Musings: Genetics

GEORGE SOFRONIDIS

110 2025 FRENCH CHAMPIONSHIP SHOW

KARL DONVIL

140 Candids: L.E.A.D Fest Dock Diving

DIANNE FERRER

216 Candids: Willowdale Sheep Dog Trial

DIANNE FERRER

218 Form Follows Function

STEPHANIE SEABROOK HEDGEPATH

221 Do Clubs Really Have a Shortage of Volunteers?

MARLENE GROVES

226 Let It Go

MEEGAN PIEROTTI-TIETJE

228 What Happens to Your Dog If You Die Tomorrow?

DÉDÉ WILSON

231 A Day in the Life of a Search and Rescue Dog

CRISSY FROYD

233 Never Say Never

ALLAN REZNIK

235 Measuring Progress

DAN SAYERS

FEATURES

50 The Flat-Coated Retriever

VARIOUS GUESTS

64 The Joy of a Well-Rounded Afghan Hound

LESLEY PETERSON

88 The Dandie Dinmont Terrier

VARIOUS GUESTS

95 Blue and Black Lakeland Terriers

PAT ROCK

136 The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel

DOUG JOHNSON

142 The Herding Group

VARIOUS GUESTS

207 The Manchester Terrier

VARIOUS GUESTS

222 The Papillon

VARIOUS GUESTS

MEET THE...

120 Meet the Dog Show Mentor

LEE WHITTIER

124 Meet the Owner Handler

CHRISTINA MILLER

127 Meet the Breeder/Owner Handler

ALEXANDRIA MITCHELL-LYNCH

131 Meet the Junior Handler

NATALIE VAN TASSEL

237 Upcoming Features

241 Index to Advertisers

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A s we move through the heart of summer, I’m reminded just how vibrant and forward-moving our organization and community truly are. Whether it’s through purpose-driven events, new ways to celebrate exhibitors, or diligent canine research, the American Kennel Club (AKC) continues to evolve—and that’s thanks to the dedication, passion, and partnership of our exhibitors, breeders, clubs, and staff. I’m excited to share a few highlights from the past month that reflect this progress and our shared commitment to dogs and the people who love them.

We ended June with the Master Amateur Retriever Invitational event, held June 22–29 in Waterville, Maine. This event shines a spotlight on the amateur handler and the future of Retriever Hunt Tests. Open to all dogs—when handled by an amateur—that passed four or more AKC Master Hunt Tests during the qualifying period, the competition brought together over 160 dogs and their handlers. It was a thrilling week that beautifully demonstrated the purpose, power, and partnership behind our sporting events.

I’m also pleased to share exciting updates about the National Owner-Handled Series (NOHS). The pilot program for Regional NOHS shows has been met with overwhelming enthusiasm from both exhibitors and host clubs. In fact, more than 80% of exhibitors we surveyed responded favorably and supported continuing the program. Based on that strong feedback, the AKC Board has approved the continuation of the NOHS Regional Show program.

In continued support of our owner-handled community, the AKC NOHS Levels of Achievement program will launch this October. Exhibitors who reach designated milestones in NOHS competition will be eligible to apply for Bronze, Silver, Gold, or Platinum titles. This titling initiative is just another part of our commitment to recognizing and retaining Owner-Handlers, who play a vital role in the present and future of Conformation. More details about the program requirements will be available soon at: akc.org.

Lastly, I’m proud to share that after a year of research, collaboration, and writing, Dr. Mary Burch and Doug Ljungren have had their article, “Assessing Canine Breed Versatility Using a Data-Based Versatility Index,” published in Pet Behaviour Science, a respected scientific journal. This began as a project to showcase the breadth and depth of purebred dogs’ capabilities and evolved into a meaningful contribution to the growing body of knowledge around canine enrichment and engagement. The goal of this work was to demonstrate that purebred dogs not only excel in their original roles but can thrive across a wide variety of sports and activities. We hope that it encourages owners to find new activities and possibilities with their dogs.

These updates reflect not just what we’re doing—but why we do it. Whether it’s through scientific contributions, premier events, or new exhibitor programs, the AKC remains focused on honoring tradition, embracing innovation, and uplifting the dogs and their owners who make this all possible.

O ur dogs are a source of great joy in life. Their companionship and devotion are comforting and a huge part of why we breed. And although all dogs require effort, the amount of effort put out by breeders can directly correlate to the level of success achieved. In fact, a breeder’s work is never done, and collectively, we are all really tired! We work on incredible amounts of adrenaline, and we’re really working unless we are sleeping—and I think maybe even then! The ability to multitask is a prerequisite for the job. Planning, researching, and raising a litter can be a joyful event, but it is tiring.

I know that today’s top breeders are exhausted. So many conservation breeders are genuinely tired, but not from whelping litters and staying up late with puppies. I think those of us who breed dogs responsibly are tired because we’ve become first point of contact for poorly homed dogs and morally bankrupt buyers who abandon or return—or have outlandish expectations of—their animals.

As preservation breeders, we can become tired because we are at the mercy of buyers’ expectations. Buyers often expect rapid-fire responses to text messages, and because of our lifelong attachment to our animals, we’ve become lifelong veterinarians, therapists, and confidants to buyers. At some point, it can all be too much. The breeder/buyer relationship has become a catch-all of sorts, as breeders take on the role of decision-maker, cheerleader, and sympathetic ear.

It’s a big burden on a lot of breeders to be that good for that long. I mean, anyone can be great during the sale of the puppy and provide all the information requested, but honestly, we become disappointed in buyers years later when their life has become a little chaotic and they need to return their dog. Although we willingly assist in making decisions regarding their animal; when to spay, what food to feed, how to handle an emergency medical situation, with all the investment made and a decade invested, we might be rather disappointed when a buyer calls to return Fluffy because they have a life change going on. Frankly, they need to calm down and carry on. Fluffy is their lifeline and devoted companion, after all.

The very best breeders out there are hit with disappointment by those owners who don’t live up to what they said they would do; who don’t perform on the level that breeders thought they would. Unfortunately, this is part and parcel with being a breeder in the sport. You can do the best job you can possibly ever do; give them a healthy animal and stand behind the dog, but when they’re done… they’re done.

The right thing to do as a breeder is to take the animal back, of course, no matter at what age or under what circumstance. Breeders do take dogs back, but buyers need to know that when a dog comes back, it faces many lifestyle changes through no fault of its own OR that of the breeder. The breeder did their job. The buyer failed for any number of reasons.

For most breeders who take back a dog, the returning animal cannot stay and will face another rehoming. Truly heartbreaking! It is unfair to go from being a single dog to one of 14, back to the kennel instead of the sofa. This is not the lifestyle the pet is accustomed to nor it is what the breeder had planned when making the placement. And so, the breeder is now struggling to find a senior home for this veteran who has spent many years with another mother and father. That’s very hard emotionally on the dog—and on the breeder. I mean, the breeder did everything right; they made the choice to take the dog back, but now they’re faced with figuring out a solution for a veteran dog.

There’s a real conundrum here, and that’s why I’m saying responsible breeders are exhausted. We’re so good, and so protective and so willing, that we end up being repeatedly used (read abused). We don’t have limits with our puppy buyers because, if we have limits, someone will go to social media and tear us apart online. So, to avoid tarnishing our good reputations, we do what’s expected and take the dog back. But it isn’t really “the right thing,” and yet it happens all the time. The right thing is for the buyer to figure out how to keep their dog. They should, in most circumstances, make it work. After all, a dog is for life not just for Christmas… right?

All that breeders can do is offer a good service, and I do think the very best of breeders do this. We do take back the 10-year-olds, but it’s important to voice that it is done out of respect for the breed, not necessarily for the dog’s owner. As a breeder, we take back an animal that we made because it’s our responsibility to do so, but we don’t take it back without disappointment that the owner hasn’t found their own solution. When is it on them to make the responsible choice? When is it their responsibility? Preservationists almost make it too easy for owners to recycle (or dump) a dog back to the breeder.

There’s a real hardship on breeders to be so accommodating, and the exhaustion that many of us experience is multifaceted. On the one hand, we are so encouraging; we’re always looking for someone who is interested and willing to get involved with our breed, someone to share our vision and our passion. We are so good to people because we want our breeds to advance and we want to continue our programs. However, it’s very hard for today’s breeders to house all of their breeding stock, so some animals must be put out with people on a co-ownership. Those co-owners, it must be mentioned, often can’t live up to the agreement because they don’t put in the same amount of effort or prioritize the dogs in the same way. Eventually, breeders grow disappointed and exhausted as the relationship deteriorates and fractures.

Breeders want their dogs to excel and improve, and they’re so interested in finding others with similar goals that they often set themselves up for disappointment. For example, we have all likely had this experience: A dog was placed for breeding and comes back in poor condition, and takes months to get back into breeding condition, etc. And so, the breeder starts to think the decision was a poor use of time and a bad investment on their part. They now have to reevaluate their plans because they can’t actually do all the work. Breeding dogs doesn’t work if one party isn’t working as hard as the other(s).

A breeder’s office hours are not traditional. Access to breeders is on-demand! The buying market demands service in an instant today with Instagram, Facebook, AKC Marketplace, Good Dog, and all of the other outlets that promote a breeding program. While these sites and avenues bring in customers and give awareness of a kennel’s successes, they require work! They require effort. Those inquiries are looking for a rapid response and an expectation and performance that previously did not exist without these technologies. Today’s buyers want and need continuous updates on the litter, progress photos of puppies as babies; at three weeks and six weeks, etc. They want the ability to come and pick THEIR puppy or select THEIR puppy from a photo. The constant barrage of email questions and requests from buyers is unique to this time in our world, when everyone has more access to everyone else. For the old-school breeder, this is a challenge because our focus is on the dogs. We are focused on providing good socialization, good nutrition, and warmth. We want to attend to our puppies’ well-being, but instead we get distracted or sidelined by constant requests, and a failure to perform can lead to retaliatory posts on a public forum that can be detrimental to a breeder’s reputation.

There is also a fallacy among buyers that breeders are breeding for the public market when the show breeder is really breeding to keep something for themselves. We place puppies from the “extras.” In all planned breedings, we intend to keep the very best one to continue our work forward—hoping that it is an improvement on the last generation.

Don’t get me wrong. This is part of the drill. It’s part of the greater good; the ability to enjoy and produce quality animals. But it is a distraction to become the therapist to a buyer over every tiny thing, and if you don’t perform... you could face the consequences.

When exhaustion sets in, breeders may decide to take a step back from the frequency of breeding. I recently took a break. I have no stud dog in the house, and so, now, I’m trying to create one. I think you have to keep a stud dog to keep a kennel moving, as I think you need access to live semen all the time. Having said that, taking a year off will cost you, but it won’t cost you your reputation and it won’t cost you the trajectory of your kennel. It just delays it. I think it’s good to take a step back on occasion and do a reset and reassessment, and hopefully come back stronger. It’s also good for taking a look to make sure you’re not walking down the wrong path. A breather is good.

So, when do you, as a breeder, absolve yourself of responsibility?

I think, for many of us who enjoy life as a breeder of especially high-quality animals, where we’ve invested immeasurable time, money, and effort—and experienced extreme fatigue and exhaustion—we do all of it willingly, and we would do it all again. In fact, most of us are planning our next litter, or two or three!

We breed because we know the good outweighs the bad in all aspects. When we have the pleasure of these companion animals who enrich our lives beyond any lack of sleep or countless phone calls, or numerous email exchanges and never-ending Facebook posts, we all know (and we all celebrate) the accomplishment of creating another generation to admire and to share our time with. A canine friend to experience for their lifetime, and a creation that you made to bring joy into your life. The impact of breeding is truly heartfelt and, despite the exhaustion, it’s all worth it.

Where did you grow up?

I’ve spent the bulk of my life on the East Coast. I grew up in Maryland, moved away for college, and eventually returned to the DC/Maryland/Virginia area to begin my professional career. The region’s mix of rural and urban life gave me a foundation that worked well for raising animals while supporting a corporate career.

Do you come from a doggie family? And, if not, how did the interest in breeding and showing purebred dogs begin?

While we always had German Shepherd Dogs at home, my family wasn’t involved in the world of dog shows or breeding. My real introduction to working with animals came through horses. My father and I began showing horses when I was in my early teens. I was hooked early on by the whole process—the training, grooming, and competition. Seeing the results of your effort come to life in the ring was deeply satisfying and planted the seed for everything that came next.

It was actually at those horse shows where I first encountered Australian Shepherds. Their intelligence, biddability, and striking appearance made an impression on me. After college, I decided I wanted a dog of my own—one compact enough to travel with in my small sports car but athletic and sturdy enough for hiking and adventure. My late husband, Chris Dale-Margeson, had a similar background with horses, and also appreciated the Aussie. Together, we purchased our first Australian Shepherd puppy in 1994, a working-bred dog that I planned to train for Obedience and Agility. That dog sparked what would become a lifelong devotion to the breed.

Who were your mentors in the sport? Please elaborate on their influence.

J. Frank Baylis of Bayshore Kennel has without a doubt been the most influential figure in my life in the purebred dog world. When we decided to enter the Conformation ring, Frank took a leap of faith and entrusted us with a promising young dog. I had only owned him for a few weeks before entering him in our first show, the National Specialty.

Incredibly, he won Best in Sweepstakes and was Winners Dog at that event. He went on to become a multiple Group winner and an outstanding sire. From there, Frank and I co-bred most of our Australian Shepherds, and we’ve also collaborated on several other breeds.

In addition, I’ve learned a great deal by observing some of the foundational Australian Shepherd breeders—Alan and Kathy McCorkle (Heatherhill), Leslie Frank (Propwash), Linda Wilson (Briarbrook), Flo McDaniel (McMatt), Alison Smith (Paradox), and others. These are people who established a clear vision and consistency in their breeding programs, and I’ve always admired their ability to stay true to that over time.

Finally, I’ve always made it a point to look outside of the Aussie world and study successful breeders in other breeds. There’s so much to learn about structure, type, and movement by expanding your perspective. That kind of cross-pollination has helped refine my own eye and strengthen my program.

The Stonehaven Australian Shepherds are widely known, highly successful, and well respected. What breeding philosophies do you adhere to?

My breeding priorities follow a specific hierarchy: physical and genetic health, breed-appropriate temperament, type, movement, and then aesthetics.

When you’re starting out, it’s easy to get distracted by the flash—dogs that are winning in the ring, the “hot” stud dog of the moment. But I learned early on, especially from showing horses and even raising show rabbits, that the most valuable animals in a breeding program aren’t always the ones winning ribbons. Sometimes, they never set foot in a show ring.

Some of the most successful outcrosses have been to dogs that weren’t well known, but who brought important attributes to the table—traits that complemented my dogs and helped move the breed forward. For me, success is about the longevity of impact. I’m always thinking about what each breeding will contribute to the next generation, and whether it aligns with the breed’s intended function and versatility.

How many dogs do you typically house? Tell us about your current facilities and how the dogs are maintained.

When Chris and I lived on our farm for more than 20 years, we had a dedicated kennel and maintained upwards of 25 dogs across breeds at any given time. It was a setup designed with space for training, conditioning, and raising litters in an environment conducive to both physical and mental development.

These days, my setup is more intimate. I typically house six to eight Australian Shepherds—this includes adults and young prospects being evaluated. The dogs are an active part of my home life.

I’ve converted the entire lower level of my home for the dogs. It includes a large play and crate area, a grooming room, washroom, and a whelping space. Outside, there are multiple large paddocks with steep slopes, perfect for building and maintaining muscle tone. I also have a section of fully covered kennel runs that allows the dogs to be outside and active, even in bad weather.

Stonehaven has also bred and shown Xolos with much success, and I believe you have been involved in Miniature American Shepherds. Is the involvement in breeds beyond Aussies ongoing?

Our introduction to the Xoloitzcuintli came through a co-bred Bayshore litter. I found the breed fascinating—so much intelligence and character in a unique package. My journey into Miniature American Shepherds started when I was offered a bitch whose grandmother was one of my all-time favorite Aussies. It felt like a full-circle moment.

That said, with changing life circumstances and a shift in priorities, I’ve made the decision to focus solely on Australian Shepherds moving forward. While I’ve enjoyed the other breeds and appreciate the contributions we’ve made in them, my heart remains with the Aussies.

How did you decide the time was right to pursue judging?

My application to become a judge actually sat on my desk for nearly five years. I didn’t feel ready to commit the time needed to honor the appropriately rigorous process. But after encouragement from peers—and from those who emphasized the need for more breeder-judges—I finally moved forward.

I was approved for breeds in which I qualified as a breeder: Australian Shepherds, Xoloitzcuintli, Border Collies, Chinese Cresteds, and Miniature American Shepherds. I also judge All-Breed Junior Showmanship, which I’ve taught through my local kennel club.

Since then, I’ve been fortunate to receive incredible assignments, both nationally and internationally. One of the greatest honors of my judging career so far is being selected by the USASA membership to judge Best of Breed at the 2027 National Specialty. It’s a milestone that I’m truly humbled by. My future goal is to complete judging requirements for the remainder of the Herding Group, the dogs closest to my heart.

Please comment positively on the present condition of your breed, and what trends might bear watching.

Over my three decades in Australian Shepherds, I’ve seen the breed evolve in both encouraging and concerning ways. At a recent large specialty I judged, I was heartened to see many dogs returning to proper proportions—slightly longer than tall, with balance and symmetry. These dogs not only looked the part but also moved with purpose and efficiency, reinforcing that function and type should go hand in hand.

One of the challenges we face is resisting the temptation to push extremes. The Aussie is a breed defined by moderation—medium size, moderate bone, and coat. It’s essential we stay true to those hallmarks. The drive for “more”—more coat, more substance, more flash—can lead us away from what makes the Aussie a capable working dog. I’m encouraged by breeders who are committed to preserving the complete package, and it’s generally those dogs that stand out in a lineup.

The sport has changed greatly since you began as an exhibitor and breeder. What are your thoughts on the current state of the fancy and the declining number of breeders? How do we encourage newcomers to join us and remain in the sport?

When I started, shows weren’t just about the competition—they were about relationships. People stayed after judging, even among fierce competitors, to discuss dogs, share ideas, and build connections. Today, show halls are often empty minutes after judging wraps up. That sense of community is disappearing, and it’s something newcomers miss out on.

The digital age has made information more accessible, but it has also created a need for instant gratification and a sense of instant expertise. There’s no substitute for hands-on learning, long days at ringside, and the lessons that come from real-life mentorship.

At the same time, we longtime breeders need to own our part. Due to past bad experiences, I’ve seen many breeders become wary of newcomers. As a result, mentorship often comes wrapped in restrictive contracts and co-ownerships that leave little room for growth. We need to invest in people, not just protect pedigrees. Let them make mistakes. Let them learn. Let them carve their own path. That’s how the next generation of great breeders is made.

Where do you see your breeding program in the next decade or two?

The loss of my husband in 2023 has brought a shift in perspective. While I will always be involved in purebred dogs, I see myself gradually moving into more of a co-breeder and mentorship role. I want to help the next wave of breeders build strong foundations—grounded in knowledge, ethics, and passion. My hope is that through mentorship, the foundations Chris and I built will live on in future generations.

Finally, tell us a little about Jeff outside of dogs… your occupation, your hobbies.

Is there life outside of dogs? (Kidding… sort of.)

My professional career has always been in banking and financial services. I currently serve as an executive at a large credit union, where I focus on leadership and strategic development. It’s a fast-paced field, but one that’s taught me a lot about structure, vision, and values—things that have translated well to breeding.

Outside of work and dogs, you’ll find me spending time with those I care about or out in nature. I love hiking, kayaking, photography, and exploring new places. I’ve developed a passion for travel, and I’m looking forward to some big, upcoming overseas adventures.

The last year reminded me how precious time is. When someone recently asked me what my life goals are, they weren’t about titles or accomplishments. My answer was simple: to make an impact and leave behind a legacy of kindness.

B ulldogs are highly regarded in my home state of Georgia! “Uga,” our University of Georgia Bulldog mascot, holds a special place in the hearts of those of us in the dog world who call it our alma mater, such as Brandi Hunter Munden, AKC VP of Public Relations, my brother, Roy Ayers, Jr., and me, to name a few. Imagine our excitement to learn of our American Kennel Club making possible the dream of the soldiers of the 3rd Infantry Division at Fort Stewart-Hunter Army Airfield 3rd Infantry Division in obtaining a new four-legged Bulldog soldier, “Rocky,” as their new mascot, replacing the former one that had recently passed away.

In 1965, the Army Division Commander wrote to Walt Disney looking for a mascot that would symbolize true fruit and heroism of the Dogface Soldiers. Thus, the great Disney himself created their animated mascot, “Rocky the Bulldog.”

To celebrate the U.S. ARMY’S 250TH ANNIVERSARY, Gina M. DiNardo, AKC President and CEO, led a team of AKC staff members, including Sheila Goffe, AKC Executive Secretary and VP of Government Relations, Doug Ljungren, AKC EVP Sports and Events, Brandi Hunter Munden, AKC VP Public Relations & Communications, and AKC Board of Directors members Christopher Sweetwood and Robin Stansel to Georgia to partner with the U.S. Army for “AKC SALUTES THE TROOPS.” In addition to the high energy, family-friendly, dog sport-filled weekend last month, our executives presented the new “Rocky” to the soldiers.

The presentation took place at Cottrell Field as part of the multi-day celebration honoring military working dogs and their handlers. Brig. Gen. Stephen E. Capehart, Deputy Commanding General of Support, 3rd Infantry Division, and Gina M. DiNardo spoke during the ceremony, highlighting the significance of Rocky’s arrival. “Rocky the Bulldog” will in-process at Fort Stewart like all other soldiers and serve to inspire to be heroic, fierce, and wise!

The AKC Fastest Dogs USA, the AKC Agility Premier Cup, and the AKC Diving Dogs Challenge took place and were filmed to be presented later on ESPN.

Blessings abound when breeders come together to make special gifts such as “Rocky” possible. When word was received that a Bulldog was needed to become the Army’s “Rocky,” AKC Board member Robin Stansell reached out to his own Bulldog breed community to let the wish be known. Terry Borcherding and her daughter, Kimberly, of Ardmore, Oklahoma, stepped up to gift one of their dogs, AKC registered LT MY HEART GOES BOOM, to serve our country!

Robin Stansell shared, “I was happy to be a part of the American Kennel Club’s effort to locate a Bulldog for the U.S. Army. I posted a request on a Bulldog list and Terry Borcherding quickly replied. I was excited to be able to attend the introduction of ‘Rocky’ to the Division and the accompanying AKC events. The Conformation Bulldog world is happy to share healthy, Standardbred dogs with the public.”

Rocky the Bulldog will in-process Fort Stewart like all other soldiers and serve to inspire soldiers to be heroic, fierce, and wise.

“During the luncheon with the Army members, I mentioned that I had retired from the Army in 1989 as an AH64 Apache helicopter pilot. I was then invited to fly their new AH-6 flight simulator and was delighted to learn that I could still fly the Apache in spite of all of the upgrades and 25-year absence from flying any helicopter. This was an unexpected surprise that I will always treasure.”

“Rocky serves as yet another reminder that the 3rd Infantry Division truly is Georgia’s Division,” said Maj. Gen. Christopher Norris, 3rd Infantry Division Commanding General. “For years, ‘Rocky’ has been a symbol of this division’s grit, determination, and camaraderie. Now he will inspire and bring joy to our Dogface Soldiers in real life every day.”

And one more very special thing, from Doug Ljundren: “It is wonderful that the AKC was able to provide ‘Rocky the Bulldog’ as a mascot for Fort Stewart. With all of the ceremonies and gatherings, ‘Rocky’ is going to have an exciting life! And ‘ROCKY’ WAS BORN ON THE 4TH OF JULY! How perfect is that?”

E xhibitors know better than anyone the myriad of costs and logistics that go into a dog show weekend. Expenses and services can range from lodging, meals, handlers’ fees, fuel, incidentals, “must-have” items from the vendors, and of course, the last-minute grocery or Walmart runs. All those expenses can translate to real impact in that community, and economic power—and even policy-making power for dog clubs. Capturing this information and reminding local community leaders about the local benefits of dog events and AKC clubs is one of the easiest and most important ways we as clubs and exhibitors can educate about the value that purebred dogs and their owners bring to a community.

Every several years, AKC Government Relations (AKC GR) surveys thousands of dog show exhibitors across the country. Our most recent surveys have found that on average, an exhibitor spends $982 per show weekend. This means that a show could inject more than $2.15 million into a local economy—not including facility rentals, spectator gates, or simply the amount local residents spend annually on their dogs.

This is a powerful message for lawmakers and local community leaders to hear and understand. When considering whether to support a proposal regulating dog owners or breeders, they need to consider the effect it may have on AKC dog owners and events in their own communities. Supporting dog shows and responsible dog ownership has a ripple effect that benefits a community’s residents, local businesses, and overall economy.

To help you spread the word with this important message, AKC GR recently published new printable resources to share the impact that AKC and clubs have in states and local communities.

These easy-to-share, one-page summaries for each state, a national overview, and a summary cover letter have been updated to include a broad range of information, including:

• Economic impact of AKC dog shows

• The number of AKC dog clubs and events by state

• AKC Reunite disaster relief trailer and K-9 Officer donations by state

• AKC Canine Health Foundation (AKC CHF) Research grants and dollars by state

To learn more and to view these documents, visit the “Toolbox” section of the AKC GR Legislative Action Center (www.akcgr.org). These are just a few of the great resources we offer for introducing yourself and your club to lawmakers, demonstrating the impact when proposals restricting hobbyists and owners of intact dogs are introduced, and even sharing with facilities and chambers of commerce when in meetings regarding show sites.

Similarly, the AKC GR Department will soon be reaching out to clubs and randomly selected exhibitors with a survey, asking you to provide information on what you spent on a recent dog show weekend. If you receive this survey, please fill it out. Your information, and that from thousands of others, will go a long way toward raising awareness of the value of dog shows and the benefits that purebred dog owners bring to their communities. The economic benefits statements that your information fuels have stopped bad legislation dead in its tracks, and helped many clubs find or retain endangered event sites.

Some clubs have expanded on this information by creating their own versions of these documents, also providing information on their community involvement, including CGC and training classes, donations to local shelters, therapy dog work, etc. At least one club has calculated their experience with dogs by calculating the median number of years each of their 60 members has in dog ownership, training, breeding, and rescue. This was able to tell their State Representative that there was a club in his district with over 1,500 combined years of “actual hands-on dog experience!” Providing economic impact and other numbers is a great, tangible way to let lawmakers see first-hand that you are the dog experts, and to see the positive impact that you and your events have in the community.

With so many positive resources to share with community leaders, there’s no better time for clubs to invite elected officials to your club’s show or events. Building these friendly relationships before there’s a legislative threat fosters meaningful relationships that ensure our voices will be heard by leadership.

To assist you in these efforts, our Legislative Action Center toolbox also provides a sample letter which you can use to invite lawmakers to your shows. We also have sample letters of introduction which you can send on behalf of yourself or your club along with the economic benefits handout to demonstrate your, and your club’s, expertise and value to the community.

Introducing yourself to lawmakers and inviting them to shows is more than an invitation—it’s a call to action. By fostering discussion through education and advocacy, we can empower lawmakers to become allies in our mission to preserve and protect purebred dogs and our sport.

• Offer a tour of the show to legislators. Be sure to arrange a pleasant and knowledgeable host who will accompany them at the show.

• Offer lawmakers the opportunity to present the Best in Show or another important trophy at your event.

• Plan to take photos and share those photos with the lawmakers and on social media.

• Consider extending invitations to lawmakers at all levels of government, including federal, state, and local elected officials. They all have the ability to make an impact on your right to own, breed, and show dogs.

• Remember to be courteous and welcoming in your invitation.

• Provide them with information such as the Economic Impact of Dog Shows, and talking points if there are specific canine legislation issues in your area. Visit the toolbox in the AKC Legislative Action Center for downloadable handouts for you to share.

• Let AKC GR know if you receive RSVPs from lawmakers so that we can help you with messaging and other logistics. Email us at: doglaw@akc.org and be sure to include the location of your show so that we can connect you with a GR team member in your region who can provide expertise on your state/region.

D og breeding is a passion that hopefully translates into a lifetime of goal achievements. Breeders are forever sharing their heads and hearts about the breeds they love. It is the goal of this article to impress upon the reader the unique headpiece, utilitarian nature, happy heart, and active demeanor of the Flat-Coated Retriever.

It is common to hear that the head of the Flat-Coat is one of the hallmarks of the breed. It is described as “one-piece” or “cast in one piece.” I often describe it to future judges as being carved from a single brick of clay, but here is where we can get into a bit of trouble. Some may say they instantly know what that means, although it can take many years to truly understand all the nuances of a great head. In over thirty years of showing, judging, and observing Flat-Coats across the entire country, as well as in Europe, I’ve had the good fortune to see thousands of Flat-Coated Retrievers, and I don’t see lack of type in heads being the main problem in the breed today. It is, however, a hallmark of the breed, and for the purpose of this article, we will discuss it.

Better than singling out the headpiece, let us instead look at it from the overall perspective of silhouette, both standing and moving. This is far more important than just looking at the head alone. After all, the Flat-Coat should always be first seen as a working, dual-purpose retriever.

If you were to look at most any breed’s blackened silhouette of the head, you should be able to tell what breed it is. This should be true of the Flat-Coated Retriever as well—differentiating the breed from the other retrievers and most certainly from the rest of the Sporting Group. Understanding the subtle nuances and how they appear in silhouette when observing are key. In the Illustrated Standard, the outline of the head in silhouette is shown without ears. This is because the ears should be relaxed and blend into the hair of the neck when the head is being evaluated. The skull is fairly flat and equal in length to the muzzle, with a barely perceivable stop, thus creating the look of the long, smooth, one-piece construction.

The backskull should not be wide. The head shape from the side and from above should show the barely perceivable stop and the width of the backskull in comparison to the foreface. The dog should have an alert and kind expression, dark almond-shaped eyes set widely apart. The zygomatic arch should be clean and flush, and foreface should be well-filled. As I have said before, although the headpiece of the Flat-Coat is one of its most distinguishable characteristics, at times the emphasis on head is so heavily weighted that the overall silhouette is lost. Consider the head as part of the overall silhouette.

The Flat-Coat should have a strong, moderately long neck that enables the dog to carry heavy birds from the ground to the handler. A prominent prow, well-laid-back shoulder, and well-developed chest cavity contribute as much to the unique silhouette as the head.

The topline is strong and level. Coat is a moderate length, dense and full, with a high luster. Coat should never be confused with substance. The dog should have medium bone that is flat or oval. Although the Flat-Coat has a racier build throughout, with a unique head, coat, silhouette, movement, and character, it should never be fine or weedy.

The length of the body should be in the rib cage. A dog lacking fore and depth of chest, and a short rib cage with lack of graduated return, consequently affects the breed’s underline and topline, and dogs lacking in bone are much more prevalent now than are coarse or blocky heads.

The gait of the Flat-Coated Retriever should be sound and efficient. This is of critical importance to a working retriever. The Flat-Coat, when viewed from the side, should have well-coordinated, free-flowing movement. True movement should be appraised while moving at a working trot on a loose lead, never raced around the ring or strung up on the lead. An efficient retriever will cover the maximum amount of ground with the least effort. Movement should never be choppy or minced. The tail should move freely with confidence. The tail should never be tucked or lifeless.

To complete the picture of the Flat-Coated Retriever, in standing and moving silhouette, consider the unique one-piece head, a proud carriage, overall strength, style, symmetry, and above all, a wagging tail.

Throughout the history and development of retrievers, the term “retriever” referred to function rather than a specific breed. The same would hold true for “setters” and “pointers.” The Flat-Coated Retriever was, however, one of the first retrievers developed.

The Flat-Coated Retriever development in mid-late 1800s was primarily as a resourceful game finder and determined retriever on land and water. The Flat-Coat today is an enthusiastic dog that is bright and durable, whose character and temperament are well-suited for many sports. Although the quality of structure of all parts standing and moving is essential, the overall temperament and attitude are what make this breed well suited for so many different jobs.

The Flat-Coated Retriever is a moderately popular breed, currently ranked as the 89th most popular dog by the American Kennel Club (AKC). While not as popular as the Golden Retriever and Labrador Retriever with pet owners, the Flat-Coat has a dedicated following from dog sport enthusiasts who appreciate their working abilities and suitability for most dog sports.

Serious and knowledgeable breeders continue to emphasize breed type as well as sound temperament and working ability to retain the Flat-Coated Retriever as a dual, multi-purpose breed. In the field, Flat-Coated Retrievers excel as a companion for the individual hunter. The breed’s natural hunting ability and birdiness make them well suited for hunting within gun range and retrieving from land and water.

Flat-Coated Retrievers today have been adaptive by using their natural abilities to compete in many different areas of AKC Performance and Companion Dog Sports, including Retriever Hunt Tests, Retriever Field Trials, Scent Work, Fast CAT, Obedience, Rally, and Agility, to mention a few. From Dock Diving to Hunt Tests and Field Trials, this breed can serve all levels of competition from beginner to advanced. In 2024, Flat-Coated Retrievers earned AKC titles in almost every eligible area of sport competition.

The heart of the Flat-Coated Retriever is to be a loving member of the family, while remaining a versatile working dog that is sensible and trainable. With his great desire to please, he is referred to as “The Peter Pan” of retrievers. That being said, what would you expect of Peter Pan? It would be a mistake to dare say a breed with that coin of phrase be anything but forever youthful, and of course, at times, misbehaved.

In a recent SHOWSIGHT article, Breeder/Judge Doug Johnson-Clussexx spoke volumes. He talked about expecting all seven breeds in a Best in Show line up to all perform the same way as being simply wrong. “To require the same standard of motion and expression of each animal would be a disservice to many breeds with distinct and unique temperament and behavior traits. Should you ask a Clumber to stand and free-bait and compare it to the Doberman? Should the Bulldog be asked to stand and pose like a Poodle? Should the energy of the Border Collie be compared to the performance of the Border Terrier?”

He went on to say, “Remember, part of breed evaluation is assessing breed character. We select our breed of choice because they are all unique. You find one that fits your lifestyle, one that fits into your own personality. You wouldn’t get a dog that’s high-strung for an apartment and think that you’re going to make him become a couch potato. It doesn’t work like that. The reality is that dogs have individual personalities and each breed has an inherent behavior, how they are as a breed. The manifestation of those two things results in their showmanship in the ring. I want all breeds to behave in a certain way that is their known life design.”

The Flat-Coated Retriever is not described as just a happy animal but as exuberant and light-hearted. It should never be shy or apathetic, reserved, or obstinate. I will go further to say that the owner, handler, and exhibitor should never try to “train out” any of the characteristics for which the breed is historically known. In the show ring, it is a bit like judging a moving target. The Flat-Coat should also be known for an outgoing attitude that is characterized by an ever-wagging tail. With regard to judging or evaluating the breed, it should be noted that the Flat-Coat moving freely on a loose lead and standing naturally is more important than judging him posed. Handlers should never string up or pose this breed. It is a mistake for a judge to choose the wrong dog because it stood better. A nervous or unenthusiastic animal should never be rewarded in the show ring. It is of utmost importance that the Flat-Coat has a wagging tail at most times. It can be said “no wag, no win.” In other words, when evaluating the Flat-Coated Retriever, ask yourself, does the silhouette fit and is there a wagging tail attached? Just remember to bring an intact sense of humor when judging or handling this breed.

In the end, when assessing the head and overall silhouette, and the light-hearted demeanor of this utilitarian retriever at work, play, or show, first decide if you have correctly identified the hallmark characteristics—identified as a sleek silhouette, with working retriever build and a lively presence. I can guarantee you that there are many excellent Flat-Coats acting like fools in the ring, while many overly posed with less than desired temperament take home the ribbons. It is your job as judges, breeders, and owners, without bias, to sort it out. Rewarding at high levels Flat-Coated Retrievers that do not display these characteristics puts conscientious breeders trying to preserve this unique breed with its temperament intact at a disadvantage, as the incorrect, unanimated dog will soon manage to be perceived as true. Let’s collectively use our heads, as breeders and judges, with continued education, thoughtful breeding, and diligent adherence to the Breed Standard. The reward will be the preservation of a beautiful breed, and it will hopefully be accompanied by a smile. By far, this is the heart of the matter.

The Truth About Showmanship: Performance in the Ring Should be Breed-Specific, Doug Johnson, SHOWSIGHT, May 2025 A Guide to the Flat-Coated Retriever - FCRSA (Flat-Coated Retriever Society of America) The FCRSA Official Illustrated Standard - FCRSA The Official Breed Standard for the Flat-Coated Retriever - FCRSA Flat-Coated Retrievers - Brenda Philips, 1996 A Review of the Flat-Coated Retriever - Nancy Laughton, 1980 Flat-Coated Retriever Breed Information – AKC (American Kennel Club)

Marla Doheny has been involved in the sport of purebred dogs since she was a young child. Her fascination with the utility of the purebred dog has led her to a lifetime of involvement and continued education. She breeds under the pre-fix Valhala, and currently resides in Florida and Connecticut.

S cissors bite preferred, level bite acceptable. Severe faults: wry, undershot or overshot bites, noticeable gap.

Body slightly longer than tall, with length in ribcage. Deep chest and rib. Prominent prow, well-developed forechest; never loosely coupled.

Medium bone, feet oval or round, medium-sized, tight with well-arched toes and thick pads.

“One-piece” head, muzzle nearly equal in length and breadth to skull.

Length from point of shoulder to rearmost point of upper thigh slightly longer than height at withers. Females may be slightly longer.

Fairly flat skull, moderate breadth and flat, clean cheeks, with long, strong, deep muzzle well filled-in before, between, and beneath eye. Gradual, slight stop, brows slightly raised and mobile.

Eyes set widely apart, medium-sized, almond-shaped, dark brown or hazel; eye rims self-colored and tight.

Coat solid black or liver. Straight, flat-lying, moderate length and fullness, high luster. DQ: yellow, cream or any other color than black or liver.

Shown with as natural a coat as possible. Shaving or barbering of the head, neck or body coat must be severely penalized.

Gait balanced, free, efficient. Best appraised at trot; loose lead.

Shoulder blades long, well laid back, upper arm of approximately equal length. Elbows clean, close to body.

Good turn of stifle. Balanced angulation between front and rear. Second thigh as long or slightly longer than upper thigh. Hock well let down.

Nose black on black dogs, brown on liver dogs; large, open nostrils.

Ears relatively small, well set on, close to side of head and thickly feathered, not low set.

Jaws long and strong, with lips fairly tight, firm, and clean.

T he style and beauty of a floating trot, as an Afghan Hound gaits around the show ring. The drive and passion demonstrated as he chases a lure down the track or across an open field. The love and devotion that she displays for her owner while taking leisurely strolls or simply curled up alongside on the sofa. Beauty, brains, heart… this is the tagline that I use on the social media sites I have created to celebrate my hounds. I do so because I wish to highlight the joy of sharing my life with well-rounded canine companions. By this, I mean ones that are true to the Breed Standard—both in terms of their physical conformation as well as their temperament—and still retain the instincts to do the job for which their ancestors were bred. Living with a well-rounded Afghan Hound means embracing the full essence of the breed; graceful in the ring, spirited in the field, and deeply devoted at home, while enjoying the many opportunities the AKC (American Kennel Club) offers us to enrich that bond through shared experiences.

My journey with Afghan Hounds began in December 1989, when “Khayyam” joined our family as a beloved pet. I had loved the beauty and grace of Afghan Hounds ever since I was a child, and I was thrilled to finally have one of my very own! I doted over my new puppy, read every book on the breed that I could get my hands on, and it wasn’t long before I wanted to go out and explore doing things with her. I enrolled us in Obedience classes, and as we trained together, my curiosity about AKC events began to deepen. Eager to explore further, I stepped into the show ring for the first time. Although Khayyam didn’t possess the conformation necessary to earn a title, we proudly brought home a few ribbons. By then, I was completely captivated by the breed and wrapped up with the spirit of friendly competition. We soon welcomed two more Afghan Hounds as potential show prospects.

Eager to deepen my knowledge, I became an active member of both the Dog Obedience Club of Lee County and the Greater Fort Myers Dog Club. Alongside showing my dogs, I served in various roles within these organizations, including Obedience Chair, Show Chair, and various seats on the Board, gaining invaluable experience in the dog fancy. In 1997, I had the honor of participating in the birth of a new club, as I became one of the charter members of the Suncoast Afghan Hound Club of Florida.

During this period, we also opened our hearts and home to several Afghan Hounds that came to us as rescues. Among them, “Jasmine” and “Zephyr” had the special opportunity to step into the show ring, not as competitors but as honored participants in the Greater Fort Myers Dog Club’s Parade of Rescue Dogs. It was a joyful experience for both dogs and their humans, celebrating the resilience of these animals and the love they found in their new, forever homes.

By the 2010s, I stepped away from the show ring and club life. Our dogs were growing older, and we’ve never believed in rehoming a senior dog just to make space for a new puppy. Ours is a forever home, and we cherish our seniors for the deep love and joy they’ve brought into our lives. Our multi-Group winning “Merlyn” (CH Aloof Llacue’s Enchanter) had passed on, his daughter “Sheba” (Llacue’s Aloof Qadim Desert Moon) had retired from competition, and our beloved rescues, Jasmine and Zephyr, were showing signs of age. Though we had become more home-centered, the love and companionship of these hounds continued to fill our hearts.

But the passage of time couldn’t be denied, and one by one they began to cross that Rainbow Bridge—first Sheba, and then Zephyr. Jasmine and Zephyr had been a bonded sister/brother pair, and Jasmine made her grief known, crying plaintively at night. We knew that it was time to bring a new puppy into our family, and we knew that the breed for us remained the Afghan Hound. After much searching to find the right one for us, we found our “Khalil” (Zardin Desert Sky Of Qadim CAA FCAT CGC FITS). Jasmine had a new companion, and our family embarked upon a new adventure.

Similar to what I had done with our first Afghan Hound, I enrolled Khalil in puppy training classes. I wanted to make certain that our new little one received opportunities for socialization and the acquiring of good manners right from the start. Around that time, I discovered that the AKC had introduced the Canine Good Citizen (CGC) title. Per the AKC, the program emphasizes “that all dogs can be good dogs, and all owners can be great owners, all it takes is a little bit of training, lots of love, and of course, plenty of praise along the way... Canine Good Citizen is a 10-skill test that teaches good manners to dogs and responsible dog ownership to their owners.” I thought: What a fun way to socialize my new puppy and teach him good manners, all while working toward a tangible goal! So, that’s exactly what we set out to do. Khalil thrived in the classes, and we both enjoyed turning training into a playful, rewarding experience. Working together in this way only deepened the bond we were building. Khalil earned his CGC title before his first birthday, and I was especially proud that he was the first in his cohort to achieve it.

The Canine Good Citizen program is part of AKC’s Family Dog Program. There are several different activities that fall under this heading, including Therapy, Fetch, and Trick Dogs. One that appealed to me was the FIT DOG program. I had been looking for ways to get more physical activity, and this program seemed like a great way to do so. According to the AKC: “Now more than ever, fitness is important for both dogs and people. The most commonly recommended exercise to improve fitness is walking. Walking is considered a safe activity that improves muscular strength, circulation, memory, weight loss, increases energy, helps with sleep, and reduces stress. The American Heart Association recommends walking a minimum of 150 minutes per week. Participation in the AKC FIT DOG program will bring health benefits to both you and your dog.” And so, we began using a tracking app to log our morning walks, and participated in community fun run/walks. Over time, Khalil added the fitness tile to his name, and is currently at the Silver level (FITS).

The Family Dog activities weren’t the only ones that the AKC had introduced during our hiatus. We also discovered the Coursing Ability Test (CAT) in which a dog chases an artificial lure over an open field. In addition, we learned about Fast CAT—a timed 100-yard dash run on a closed, straight track. As sighthounds, Afghan Hounds are naturally drawn to the thrill of the chase, and I saw this as another wonderful opportunity to strengthen my bond with Khalil by allowing him to engage in an activity that tapped into his innate instincts. He grasped the concept almost immediately, and participating in these events has brought us immense joy—spending time outdoors, connecting with fellow dog lovers, and watching my cherished hound do exactly what he was bred to do.

As I was exploring these new AKC activities, the show ring began to call to me once again. Despite his CGC training, Khalil started out in competition as a silly little puppy, excited at the sights and smells, always wanting to play. The atmosphere of a dog show is so different from that of a training classroom! But I decided to keep showing him, believing that he was a worthy example of the breed and would settle down as he matured. It took a bit of time, but he grew into his role as a show dog, blossomed into a handsome hound, and began gaining points.

During this period, our beloved Jasmine was showing signs of age, and we knew our time with her was growing short. Before she passed, we welcomed “Sandy” (CH Aristo’s Desert Sands Of Qadim CA DCAT CGC FITB) into our lives. We introduced her to the same activities we were enjoying with Khalil, and she quickly proved herself to be both capable and eager. Like Khalil, she earned her CGC title before her first birthday and was the first in her class to do so. She joined us on long walks and earned her FITB (Bronze level) title along the way. They both enjoy going on casual outings with us, from outdoor seating at restaurants (which we call “doggies dining al fresco”) to strolling along the riverwalk area in our local downtown, or visiting as puppy class alums with their trainer, Miss Stephanie, a.k.a. “the Treat Lady.” We love going out with them and sharing their beauty and sweet temperaments with the general public. Many people comment to us that they’ve never seen an Afghan Hound in person before, and so we consider them to be ambassadors for their breed.

As with Khalil, Sandy embarked upon a career in the Breed ring. On February 16, 2025, Sandy became an AKC champion, winning Best of Breed over four specials and earning a Group 4 placement. She retired from the show ring ranked No. 6 Afghan Hound All-Breed. But among all her accomplishments, it is the coursing field which lights the fire in her heart. When the hunt-master calls “Tally ho!” nothing delights her more than the chase. She was a beautiful mover in the show ring, but she truly embodies her ancestors when presented with the lure. I can’t help but cheer as I watch her run with purpose and passion; a graceful, majestic hunter fulfilling her birthright as a true athlete.

At the end of the day, we return home from our adventures, whether from the show ring, the coursing field, the Fast CAT track, or just a walk through the neighborhood. As we settle in on the sofa, we’re often showered with kisses. Beauty, brains, heart—this is the joy of sharing life with a truly well-rounded dog. Within our breed lies the legacy of purposeful selection, traits carefully cultivated by those who came before us. To love a purpose-bred dog is to honor every aspect of who they are. They offer elegance to the eye, enthusiasm in their work, and a deep, soul-nourishing companionship at home.

As we strive to preserve and refine our breeds, may we always remember to value the complete picture—not just the outward appearance, but the function and spirit alike. In so doing, we truly honor the history and heritage of these noble animals.

Lesley Peterson lives in Cape Coral, Florida, along with her husband, Walter Peterson, and their friend, Mark Brandon. She and Walter have owned Afghan Hounds since 1989. They, along with Mark, own a local company that provides Internet services. Mark has joined them in their love of Afghan Hounds and, along with them, owns their beautiful girl, Sandy. Together, they are involved in AKC dog sports and show under the name Qadim Afghan Hounds. Khalil and Sandy both descend from Hosanna bloodlines, established by Lynda Farley. Their breeders are Cathy Bailey (Zardin Afghan Hounds) and Kristin Lamb (Aristo Afghan Hounds), respectively. Lesley also loves music. She attended the High School of Music and Art in New York City, and her academic credentials include a minor in music from the University of Central Florida. She plays the violin with the Florida Southwestern State College Symphony Orchestra More information may be found at: https://qadimafghans.com.

I f there is one constant in the history of man, it is his relationship with his beloved canines.

Going back to the earliest recorded history, the relationship between dogs and humans has been prominently featured in the arts; many centuries ago, paintings and carvings in cave dwellings often featured canines.

For centuries, our dogs have served not only as companions but also as stable and reliable work partners. They share a history of helping us with hunting, guarding, and protecting not only us but our possessions, property, livestock, and a multitude of other things as well. They have served us in both wartime and peacetime, and they can be seen everywhere helping the police, our service members, airport security, and numerous other agencies.

I do not believe there is another living species, including the human race, that is more dedicated and reliable than the unconditional partnership with our dogs.

Dogs are universally loved and cherished throughout the world and have served people from the poorest backgrounds to the thrones of the most recognized leaders in the world’s history.

Not only can dogs be seen serving people in many different situations, they also possess the unique ability to relate to almost every type of person alive. Consider guide dogs for the blind, various assistance dogs, and dogs that can sense impending health concerns and warn their owners. No doubt, they are one of the greatest gifts God has given to man.

Many people will recall that “special friendship” with one or more of the canine companions that have helped them through difficult times in their lives. It may have been the childhood companion that was the only comfort for a child dealing with a tough home life. It could be the one friend who was always there to listen to you, even though he couldn’t talk back but could cuddle and comfort you when you needed just to be listened to.

Those of us involved in the sport of purebred dogs know all too well that each of our different breeds has a unique skill set.

The exceptional abilities that the dog provides to man point me to the opening line of this essay. If the late, great children’s book author Dr. Suess were to write a book about our sport, he might title it: The Sporting World of Purebred Dogs, The Places It Will Take You and the People You Will Meet on the Journey.

There is sufficient background history to demonstrate that our sport is universal. In almost every corner of the world, there are like-minded people who adore their dogs, enjoy competition, and strive to breed the best dogs they can.

While horse racing is known as “The Sport of Kings,” it is the sport of purebred dogs that is the sport of all humanity, both the rich and the poor.

It is also one of the most inclusive and diverse groups dedicated to one sport in the world. It is the only one I know of that is so inclusive of people of all ages and backgrounds, including professionals and amateurs competing together.

Have you ever just looked around at the people in our sport? If you did, you would find the titans of industry, scientists, archeolo-gist, stars from TV and film, athletes of all types, philanthropists, doctors, lawyers, everyday factory workers, those with backgrounds in technology, also our youthful elementary and high school students, teachers, and just about every profession in the world.

Don’t forget we have that coat of many colors when it comes to religious, social, political, and sexual orientation. Our diversity is unparalleled in the world.

Like the world we live in, we have the good, the bad, and the ugly when it comes to the people in our sport.

But the unifier, I hope, is our love of Man’s Best Friend and the joy he brings to us all.

There are some people in our sport who, unfortunately, seem only interested in satisfying their egos, while on the other hand, we have many who are dedicated to preserving and improving not only their breeds but also the sport we all love.

If you are a person who enjoys any competition, purebred dogs have something for you.

There’s the basic and, in my opinion, most essential part of the sport, Conformation, which by its very name points out the purpose of not only maintaining our breeds but also improving them through the hard work and dedication of great breeders. We also offer Field Trials for those who enjoy the various hunting, scenting, and herding competitions that showcase each breed’s unique abilities in these areas. There are also a variety of Performance events. We truly have something for everyone, including people of all ages.

Now, if you are one of the great participants in our world of competition, you will also have access to the many other side benefits our sport has to offer.

The world of competition in our sport is, as I mentioned earlier, global. When competing, we all have the chance to visit other cities, states, and in many cases, other countries throughout the world. Each stop allows us to see and explore different areas, not only in our country but wherever we go.

There are many amazing things to see in this world, and if you can take advantage of them, even for just an afternoon, you will be amazed by the many special sights and sounds you will be exposed to.

Many people only travel to and from shows, trials, or other forms of competition, never taking the time to explore the fantastic world around them.

As a child, I loved to read and often wondered about the many places featured in the books. To me, it was just a dream to imagine that I would ever see or experience any of those places. However, thanks to this crazy sport of dogs, I have had amazing opportunities to visit most of the United States and numerous countries across five different continents. Thinking back to that young boy growing up in a blue-collar Polish neighborhood in Cleveland, Ohio, it is hard to believe I have been able to see some of the most amazing places in the world. It is also equally impressive, considering the many people I have met from every walk of life and the friendships I have formed.

All of this happened because I purchased an Old English Sheepdog in my youth. Fortunately, someone introduced me to the sport, and many other people who loved their dogs helped me get started on my journey and mentored me in this wonderful world of dogs.

During one of my judging opportunities with the late Jim Reynolds, we had the pleasure of judging in the city of Odesa, Ukraine. It was a great trip and an enjoyable opportunity to not only judge many good dogs but also meet with a gentleman who had worked at the Red Star Kennels and shared insights about the development of the Black Russian Terrier breed. He also provided us with an insider’s view into how dog shows in the “Old Soviet Union” were conducted and how they differ today. We visited the city and saw the palaces and numerous other sights in this historical city. It has been difficult to watch on television the devastating destruction of this city and its historic structures because of the ongoing conflict between Ukraine and Russia.

The one thing I have found in my travels is that when it comes to dogs, we all share one common goal: To continue promoting and preserving our dedication to the sport and man’s best friend.

Carol and I recently had the privilege to judge for the Alaska Herding Group Club as well as the Alaska Sporting Dog Association in Chugiak, Alaska. It was our first trip to the 49th State, and it was a fantastic trip.

The history of Alaska dates back to the Upper Paleolithic period (approximately 14,000 BC) when groups crossed what was then the Bering Land Bridge. There is a lot of history available on the state, but the short version is that the United States purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867. A few years later, in the 1890s, the Yukon Territory brought thousands of miners and settlers to Alaska for the “Gold Rushes.”

In 1912, Alaska was granted territorial status by the United States. In 1942, during World War II, two of the Aleutian Islands had been occupied by the Japanese, and recovering the islands became a matter of pride for the United States. Military bases were constructed in the territory, and Alaska was eventually granted statehood in January 1959.

There are only 16 all-breed shows per year in Alaska, but they do have many Group and Specialty shows. However, as you can imagine, the shows are relatively small in scale. Though the shows are small, they are competitive, with many wonderful dogs. Kathy Howse and Amy Rosling served as Show Chairs for their respective clubs and did a great job in putting on a quality event. The shows were held outdoors, and although Mother Nature was not as kind as she could have been, the weather was tolerable. The dogs and exhibitors were terrific, as was the great hospitality from the clubs.

Aside from the show itself, the highlight of our trip was our plane excursion into Denali National Park and the journey around Mt. McKinley (also known as Denali). What an amazing and majestic trip it was. We drove to Talkeetna, a small, artsy, and eclectic town about 100 miles south of Denali, where we boarded a small, vintage 1965 plane with 10 others for the trip to the mountain. We were fortunate to go on what our guide told us was one of the best days they had experienced in months. Although cold, it was a bright and sunny day, and we were warned to wear sunglasses, as the reflections and brightness could harm our eyes if they were exposed for too long. To say it was majestic is an understatement. If anyone doubts the incredible work of God, this trip will erase any doubt.

For over 2-1/2 hours we explored the beauty and unique tapestry of the mountains from all sides, and even landed on one of the over 400 glaciers to walk on, experiencing this incredible world wonder. From the plane, we could see a group of climbers on their journey to reach the summit. We were told that, on average, it takes three weeks to make the journey, and there are still many accidents and rescues that take place each year. Another interesting fact about the climbers is that they are required to return all their waste and trash, including human waste, in special containers when coming back down after reaching their goal.

For such a large state, the population is relatively small, so traffic was essentially nonexistent. However, we did see numerous troopers monitoring the speed of motorists on the roads.

One thing you can be sure to see is native moose. They can be seen wandering throughout the state on the streets, in people’s backyards, and basically wherever they want to go.

We tried our luck at fishing for King Salmon, although we were about 10 days to two weeks too early for the season. We spent a very cold six hours on the river. Unfortunately, we did not catch anything, but we enjoyed the beauty of nature and the wildlife, including numerous bald eagles and other birds, during the day.

Although the solstice had not yet arrived, it was strange to see daylight at 4:00 AM and still be light outside between 11:30 and midnight. I have to admit that it would have been cool to be out on the golf course that late and not be worried about darkness.

Alaska was just another incredible opportunity provided to me by our wonderful sport, and I hope to make it back someday to see more of this extraordinary state.

Canton, Ohio, is the home of the Pro Football Hall of Fame and is considered the birthplace of professional football. The city is also home to the McKinley Kennel Club and its Hall of Fame City Classic dog shows.

Back when I began showing dogs in the 1970s, the McKinley shows were held downtown at the Civic Center in January, with the second show being held later in the summer. I remember when the late Nial and Marie Koonts were the Show Chairs, and those January shows could be a real challenge to attend in those Ohio winters of snow, ice, and freezing temperatures.

Today, the shows are held at the Stark County Fairgrounds, less than three miles from the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Show Chairman Myra Roth and her committee and club members adopted the football theme in accordance with the city’s fame for its rich history in the sport. Exhibitors and judges were encouraged to celebrate their favorite teams by wearing the jerseys of their favorite franchise or university. I loved the theme, as it brought a festive change and provided a relaxed and colorful atmosphere for everyone.

Even AKC (American Kennel Club) Field Representative Sandy D’Andrea was spotted carrying an “Officials Yellow Flag” just in case there needed to be a “flag on the play.”

What I enjoyed most about the two-day show was the relaxed atmosphere, the throwback to the old days when many shows were held at local fairgrounds, and the large number of owner-handlers exhibiting at the shows. The Samoyeds and Siberian Huskies held Breed Specialties along with the cluster. They also had a large football-and-dog-themed raffle, and I was stunned when I won a “Tailgate Gift Pack.” They also had a raffle for Amazon, and gas gift cards for those who participated by wearing team jerseys. My Ohio State National Championship jersey brought me luck as I also won the gas gift card.

If you live near Canton, Ohio, be sure to put this club on your calendar for next year. It was a nice change from the four-day circuits to a great two-day event with local appeal and a great turnout of families and owner-handlers. Hats off to Myra and her crew for a great event.

Just remember, there is so much you can gain from participation in our sport. All you have to do is make the effort. There are great places to visit and great people to meet and get to know. Don’t just “show and go.” Stop and enjoy all that the world has to offer.

T he Danish-Swedish Farmdog may be a newcomer to the American Kennel Club’s (AKC) spotlight, but one young bitch has already made her mark on the breed’s history books. Meet Double G Thumpers Paint The Town, affectionately known as “Millie”—the first Danish-Swedish Farmdog to earn a Group placement in AKC history and the first of her breed to achieve Silver and Bronze Grand Champion titles. Millie continues to hold the coveted title of No. 1 Danish-Swedish Farmdog in the US—all systems*. Her story is not just one of wins and ribbons, but a journey of breed advocacy, teamwork, and boundary-breaking excellence.

The Danish-Swedish Farmdog (or Dansk-Svensk Gårdshund) originated in the pastoral heartlands of Denmark and Sweden. Bred to be all-purpose farm companions, they are known for their keen intelligence, cheerful disposition, athletic build, and versatility in hunting, herding, and companionship.

As the AKC Breed Standard notes, they are “a small, compact and slightly rectangular dog,” predominantly white with clearly defined patches. Their movement should be “parallel and free.” The head should reflect a moderate stop, with a muzzle that is slightly shorter than the skull.

The breed joined the AKC’s Foundation Stock Service in 2011, moved to the Miscellaneous Group in 2023, and officially entered full AKC recognition on January 1, 2025, where it was placed in the Working Group. Notably, the Danish-Swedish Farmdog is the only table dog in the Working Group, a distinctive trait that adds to their charm and unique presence in the ring. Though often mistaken for a terrier due to their size and personality, the Danish-Swedish Farmdog is correctly classified as a pinscher—a heritage that reflects their versatility and historic role on Scandinavian farms.

Like many rare breeds, Farmdogs initially faced challenges in the US—limited visibility, unfamiliarity among judges, and small entries. But Millie’s emergence began shifting the landscape.

Bred by Dr. Marty Greer and Dr. Dan Griffiths of Double G Kennels in Lomira, Wisconsin—both renowned reproductive veterinarians and tireless breed advocates—Millie descends from a lineage built for greatness. Dr. Greer was named the 2023 Veterinarian of the Year by The Westminster Kennel Club. Millie’s grandsire, Adens Jazzinga Jens CM (Certificate of Merit), was bred by Lars Adeheimer, a key figure in the breed’s development and one of the authors of the Danish-Swedish Farmdog Breed Standard. Millie’s Scandinavian heritage runs deep, with roots tracing back to Erika Karlsson’s Kennel Stolta Ebbas in Sweden.

Millie is owned and loved by Ellyn Hutson, Roger Twitchell, Justin Worth, and Andre Merced Worth. She began her show career in December 2023 at the Newberry, Florida, cluster in the 4–6 Month Beginner Puppy Competitions (BPUP), just days after turning four months old. It didn’t take long for judges to notice. Several remarked that she was the best Danish-Swedish Farmdog they’d seen to date. At the 2023 AKC National week of shows, she was seriously considered for Best of Opposite Sex at the Open Show—at just four months old.

Competing in the Miscellaneous Class throughout 2024, Millie quickly amassed a powerful record: four Certificates of Merit, 13 Bests in Show-Miscellaneous (BIS-Misc) wins, two Bests in Show Specialty-Miscellaneous (BISS-Misc) titles, and multiple Bests in Open Show awards. A high point came in Orlando at the Brevard Kennel Club show, where Millie won Best of Breed under FCI (Fédération Cynologique Internationale) President Dr. Tamas Jakkal—a huge accomplishment in a competitive Farmdog entry.

Initially shown by Ellyn, Millie transitioned to co-owner and professional handler Justin Worth (JA Worth Kennel & Handling) in mid-2024 when Ellyn’s work commitments increased. Their partnership, based on mutual respect and aligned vision, became a cornerstone of Team Millie’s growing success.

With her impeccable movement, ring presence, and adherence to the Standard, Millie began earning a reputation that extended far beyond her breed. Judges described her movement as “exquisite” and “parallel and free,” with one judge telling the team:

“I didn’t think the breed was going to make it… until I saw Millie.”

When full AKC recognition arrived on January 1, 2025, Millie wasted no time making her presence known. At the inaugural Danish-Swedish Farmdog specialties in Palm Springs, California, Millie—still a puppy—won Best of Opposite Sex, a major victory and a statement that the breed’s time had come.

Shortly thereafter, she entered a Westminster-bound Working Group at the Greater Barrington Kennel Club show and earned her first official Group placement—a Group Four under Judge Sulie Greendale-Paveza. Millie would go on to add a Group One (Judge Charles Olvis), two Group Threes (Judges Debra Thornton and Nancy Liebes), and seven additional Group Fours (Judges Terry DePietro, Karen Hynek, Douglas Johnson, Stephen Dainard, Robert L. Robinson, Wendy Willhauck, and Richard Paquette), cementing her place in AKC history.

Millie has become the face—and four legs—of the Danish-Swedish Farmdog in the United States. At shows, Justin is regularly approached by spectators, handlers, and judges curious about the breed. As part of their partnership, Ellyn insisted Justin master the Breed Standard and be ready to educate on it at any time. He’s since become a reliable resource for newcomers, potential judges, and even established members of the fancy.

Ever the ambassador, Justin frequently hands out cards directing interested parties to Millie’s breeders, Dr. Greer and Dr. Griffiths, for responsible puppy inquiries. Demand has grown so much, he can barely keep cards in stock.

While Millie hasn’t had a litter yet, Caney Branch Farm recently welcomed a young male—Barkalotta’s Shaken Not Stirred (“Martini”)—as a potential suitor. His development will be closely watched to determine if he’s a suitable match for the reigning queen of the ring.

Millie’s journey from a bright-eyed puppy in Newberry to a barrier-breaking Group winner is more than just a Cinderella story; it’s a blueprint for how rare breeds can rise when guided by passion, partnership, and purpose.

With every ribbon, every placement, and every person she inspires, Millie isn’t just winning titles—she’s shaping the future of her breed in the United States. And that’s something worth painting the town about.

“From the beginning, I knew she was special. But watching the world come to see it, too—that’s been the real reward.” —Ellyn Hutson, co-owner and proud partner in history.

*Owner-calculated as of 7/13/25

J une 2025 Europe saw the Interra show (short for International Terrier Association) held this year at the large Nitra Dog cluster in Slovenia. This event gathers together a large panel of specialist judges which draws serious Terrier kennels to attend with their best dogs. The Supreme Best in Show1 this year was Totgree’s Hannabell, a Jack Russell Terrier with a string of titles from here to eternity, including 2024: Best of Breed at The Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show, Best of Breed and Group at Crufts; and 2025: Best in Show at National Terrier. This little bitch, among her many and manifest virtues, possesses one characteristic that is undervalued by many breeders, and occasionally, some judges—a long, level2 croup.

The croup is a region of the dog that includes two skeletal groups: the pelvis (appendicular) and the sacrum (axial). The pelvis, a single term representing the union of three pairs of bones—ilium, ischium and pubic—carries two important reference points of kinetic theory; the major rear pivot point and the major rear anchor point. The pivot point (red in the image below left) is located at the acetabulum, and the vertical line of this point represents the center of forward and rear excursion of the pelvic limb. The major rear anchor point is located along the ischiatic tuberosity (green in the image), which creates the ischial table or point of buttocks3. This is where the major muscles pulling the pelvic limb are anchored. The longer it is, the longer the muscles can be thus the stronger the pull to create ample strides with good drive.

For some reason, the long, level croup is more apparent in males than in females. While males with correct morphology present a croup that is defined and protrudes visibly, (sometimes it seems as though you really could set something on the ischiatic table), females with a long croup are merely full and rounded. Importantly, you can feel the two tips of the ischial bones pushing outward immediately under the skin on a good female croup. evaluated for set, length, shape4 and carriage5, but a sloping croup can bring the set downwards. In these cases, if the tail is carried in a forward or vertical direction, it may cause tissue in front of the set to bunch up in a little cushion when the tail springs upward (see image of the Airedale Terrier below left). Well-set tails always have a “U” curve in front, never a tightly closed “V” or a cushion. Even at a distance, the short, sloping croup causes the rear of the dog to appear to be sliding away. The body is held upright by the thoracic limb and then the rear descends like a child’s slide at the playground, ending in a foot shoring up the avalanche.

The Terrier Group is where we find most of the croups described as level or horizontal 6. The long croup is a universal virtue applied to all breeds, since it favors ergonomic movement. A horizontal croup is a breed-specific (relative) virtue, applicable only when the Breed Standard directly or indirectly expresses the desirability of this structure with indications such as: level croup, horizontal croup, or even just by saying tail set high, tail carried erect or gaily; impossible without a level croup.

When evaluating a croup, it is true that our whole opinion cannot rest on one single element (fault judging), but this important group uniting the axial and appendicular structures is no small consideration. A short or overly sloping croup that is only slight should be double-checked in profile standing, and while gaiting. If the limitation disturbs balance in profile or in movement, top honors cannot be awarded.

The advantages of a long, level croup are not only functional but also aesthetic since it confers on the dog that precious quality of balance. When the anterior anchor point of the manubrium is also well developed, we have a ship with both fore and aft, which is both efficient and pleasing.

The third column above shows some Terrier breeds with suboptimal croups. Many things can go wrong with a croup; the length, the slope, or both can be off, and finally, the tail set (coccygeal vertebrae) can become involved. The tail is a separate region and is

1 Of the five shows held over the weekend:

• 06/13/2025 • International Dog Show • Crystal Trophy 2025 & Crystal Trophy for Slovak National Breeds.

• 06/13/2025 • InTerra • World Terrier Show 2025

• 06/14/2025 • International Dog Show • Grand Prix Slovakia Winner Show 2025

• 06/15/2025 • International Dog Show • Derby Winner Show 2025.

2 A level croup slopes from 15 to 25 degrees from the horizontal plane.

3 These two points are mirrored in the front assembly by the pivot point in the center of the scapula and the anchor point at the manubrium, also called the prosternum.

4 Straight or curled

5 Upright like a candle, straight off the topline, or drooping, etc.

6 There are a few exceptions, notably, the English Toy Terrier (FCI Group 3) and the Bedlington Terrier, which are both gallopers.

O n June 20, 2025, the First Colony Cluster sponsored the inaugural RHP Clinic on The Fundamentals of Canine Anatomy and Structure for Juniors. This seminar, presented by AKC Registered Handlers Angela Lloyd, Diego Garcia, Greg Strong, and Jason Bailey, provided education on basic canine anatomy and structure to Junior Handlers. We hope this offering will act as the catalyst of an ongoing series that will provide building blocks to develop an understanding of canine anatomy and structure that is integral for the study of Breed Standards and the evaluation of dogs for AKC’s future breeders, handlers, and judges. Other educational topics will be added so that we can educate a new generation of knowledgeable dog people. This educational opportunity is the most recent example of the commitment and support of AKC’s Juniors Program by the Junior Task Force, the Registered Handlers Program, and the First Colony Cluster. We hope other clubs will consider following this path.

T o understand this breed, step back to Selkirk, Scotland, in November 1875, when the Dandie Dinmont Terrier Club (UK) held its first meeting, followed by the adoption of the first Breed Standard in 1876. The year 2025 is the 150th anniversary of the founding of the club, which to this day represents the Dandie Dinmont Terrier in its land of origin. The first Dandie Dinmont of record is known as “Old Ginger,” whose statue is located outside the restored original kennels at The Haining.

The first Dandie imported to the US arrived in 1886! The current parent club in America is the Dandie Dinmont Terrier Club of America (DDTCA), founded in 1932, and as the successor to an earlier AKC (American Kennel Club) member club for Dandie Dinmont Terriers, gives our breed over 100 years of club membership with AKC.

The legendary character of the Dandie Dinmont was described by Sir Walter Scott in his book Guy Mannering in which he speaks of “auld Pepper” and “auld Mustard,” and “young Pepper” and “young Mustard,” and “little Pepper” and “little Mustard,” and their gameness with rats, weasels, foxes, and badgers. This connection to Sir Walter lives on, thanks in part to the 10th Duke of Buccleuch, Chief of Clan Scott, giving the Dandie Dinmont Terrier permission to adopt the Walter Scott Tartan as the official tartan of the breed.

In her book, Dandie Dinmont Terrier, well-known breeder-judge Betty-Anne Stenmark gives the following extremely accurate description of living with a Dandie Dinmont:

“The Dandie is the gentleman of the terrier group, more placid and quiet than most of his terrier cousins. He is relatively calm and sensible, quite placid unless his ‘terrier’ is aroused. At that point he becomes all-terrier and will pursue whatever interests him with tenacity.

“The Dandie is a companion dog par excellence; to his fans he has no equal. He thrives on being with those he loves and doesn’t take kindly to being locked away; he is a miserable kennel dog.”

There is no other terrier like the Dandie. His head is strongly made featuring large round eyes, a moderately large nose and a strong, deep muzzle all topped by a glorious cream or silver topknot of hair.

Low stationed, the Dandie is 8 to 11 inches tall at the top of the shoulders, and from the top of the shoulders to the root of the tail is 1 to 2 inches less than twice the height. Clearly, the Dandie is one of the longest terriers. Equally unique to the breed is the topline and the corresponding underline. Topline is rather low at the shoulder, having a slight downward curve with a corresponding arch over the loin, followed by a very slight drop to the root of the tail. In other words, a level topline is incorrect for a Dandie! The underline reflects the curves of the topline. When in doubt evaluate the outline of the Dandie on the move where the long, low, weasley characteristics of the correct outline become obvious.

When seeking to acquire a Dandie, patience is a virtue. The Dandie Dinmont is a vulnerable breed in the United States as well as in the United Kingdon, its homeland. Concerns over the future of the Dandie were expressed as far back as 1975 when Mustard and Pepper, the DDTCA’s quarterly magazine, published an article by Phyllis Salsberry, known worldwide for her Salismore Dandies in England. To quote the article: “The breed today needs more enthusiastic up and coming young breeders who are willing to apprise and, in some cases, even discard from their breeding program their own Dandies. Since the days of Tinker Allen, these dour little Scottish borders have given their loyalty and devotion to man so surely, we owe it to them to give as much in return.”

Going to the Dandies requires a significant commitment to the future of the breed. In the Conformation world, Dandies are known as one of the most difficult breeds to groom, as keeping the show Dandie in a true rolling penciled coat, with furnishings, requires, at a minimum, weekly attention to stripping and grooming, adjusting the furnishings as time goes by. Not every Dandie born is a Conformation-quality Dandie, and truly committed breeders recognize that not all puppies will become Champions. However, there is another world in which the Dandie is well prepared to participate and shine: Performance events!

How can you learn more about the breed and eventually bring a Dandie into your life and home? Visit the DDTCA’s website (https://www.ddtca.org) for more information, photographs, Dandie Dinmont swag, and contact information. Attend the National Specialty, held annually in late May/early June at Purina Farms in Gray Summit, Missouri. Contact the club’s Breeder Referral Specialist to identify breeders and potential puppies available in your area. Subscribe to the DDTCA’s quarterly newsletter, Mustard and Pepper, for up-to-date news and a complete contact list for all DDTCA committees. Once you have met members of the club, and perhaps even found your first Dandie Dinmont puppy, consider joining the DDTCA. Together, we will ensure the preservation of this wonderful terrier breed.

A s any Dandie Dinmont Terrier owner can attest, the Dandie is an active and versatile dog. They were bred to have the skills and drive to excel in the field and are happiest when working closely with their owners. Left on their own, Dandies will demonstrate just how versatile they really can be, given any or all opportunities, such as toy destruction, woodworking, yard excavation, home renovations, and, of course, vermin removal! Not that these activities can replace the two all-time favorite activities of any Dandie—eating, followed by sleeping on the family room sofa or recliner!

In 2024, the DDTCA (Dandie Dinmont Terrier Club of America) recognized the need to highlight the Dandie’s natural abilities and developed a program to recognize the wide range of Performance activities in which the Dandie is very successful. This step to move beyond the “traditional” activities of Conformation, Obedience, Rally, Agility, and Tracking with the associated AKC (American Kennel Club) titles opened a whole new world of sport to Dandies across the country. Thus, the question: What activities bring out the true nature and character of a Dandie Dinmont Terrier?

The list of additional Performance activities open to the Dandie Dinmont is long and continues to expand. Currently, titles in any of the following activities contribute to meeting the Versatility Awards requirements: • Traditional AKC Performance Trials in Obedience, Rally, Agility, and Tracking

• AKC Conformation Titles

• Lure Coursing

• Fast CAT

• Scent Work

• Flyball

• Dock Diving

• Disc Dog

• Citizenship/Therapy Dog

• Community Service

• Search and Rescue

• Fetch

• NASDA (North American Sport Dog Association) Working Dog Trials

• Dandie Dinmont Terrier Preservation Events

The Versatility Award scheme is designed so that the average Dandie and owner, with some effort, can earn the Versatility Award. No level of Versatility requires a Conformation Championship. Titles are recognized from both AKC and non-AKC events. The owner must be a member of the DDTCA to apply for these recognition titles.

Versatility: This is the introductory title that owners will be able to apply for after meeting the basic beginner requirements of seven points in three categories.

Versatility Excellent: This is the second level of the program and can be achieved after meeting the requirements for the first title and adding some additional achievements in one additional category of events for a total of 12 points in at least four categories.

Versatility Supreme: This is the highest level title. It adds a requirement to obtain a working title and a total of 15 points from four categories.

For 2024, a total of nine Versatility titles and five Versatility Excellent titles were awarded. At the 2025 National Specialty, winners were acknowledged with an in-ring parade and presentation of rosettes to celebrate their accomplishments.

Earlier, title certificates, designed by DDTCA Past President Richard Yoho, were sent to all winners.

Each year, all Dandies that earn a Versatility Title will be invited to the National Specialty week of events, where Conformation and Performance events will be hosted by the DDTCA. Check our website (https://www.ddtca.org) for more information.

The 2025 DDTCA NASDA Working Dog Trial was a huge success! Here are a few photos from the event. Watch for the 2026 event on Thursday, May 28 at Purina Farms!

T he earliest pictures of Lakeland Terriers included self-blacks. Most any color was acceptable, except white, so black, blue, black and tan, grizzle, red, and liver were represented. The Fell hound packs were predominantly white, and perhaps that was why the non-white terriers were favored, as they could easily be distinguished among the hounds. Most likely, the bravest, most hardworking terriers, of whatever color, in the rugged terrain were favored, and therefore, became the “best colors” for tackling the fell fox.

When the time came for deciding on a “standard of perfection” for this working breed to be represented at dog show exhibitions, the colors in the population included black, blue, black and tan, blue and tan, liver, liver a nd tan, grizzle and tan, red grizzle (born black and tan, with the saddle eventually becoming completely tan at maturity), and self-red color from birth.

When dog shows became more sporting events in their own right, there evolved standards of perfection for each breed, and eventually, dog shows evolved beyond the comparison of hunting dogs, or working dogs, to what is fairly universal today—dog shows where every form of canine anatomy may be observed; with a historical purpose, or merely as a companion of humans.

There is purported to be some crossing in the background of the Lakeland with the Bedlington. That would not be surprising, as the Bedlington x Greyhound cross was not uncommon to produce a lurcher—not a breed but a larger purpose-bred animal—when it was desired to bring a larger dog on a varmint hunt to dispatch larger quarry. Such a dog would be useless in the rocky dens of the fell fox, which was not about to be rousted out of his secure rocky fortress.

My purpose here, however, is to trace the evolution of the self-black and self-blue Lakelands into modern times. Their journey to the dog show limelight has often been as rocky as the Lake District hills, and to say that there has been extreme prejudice against solid blacks and blues is an understatement.

The first black Lakeland exhibited in North America, in 1969, was Sea Elf Black Menace, owned and shown by Molly Rudolf at the USLTC Specialty in Chicago. Ms. Rudolph was refused entry into the ring (the steward mistaking him for a Kerry puppy), but the judge also denied him access, at first, as not being eligible. When it was pointed out that “black” is a color allowed in the Breed Standard, the dog was reluctantly allowed in the ring, gone over, and awarded a 1st place ribbon.

But after the Specialty was concluded, the judge declined a request to have a picture taken with the dog and his 1st place ribbon. Really tough on the exhibitor!

Fast forward a dozen or so years, and a serendipitous event brought solid black Lakelands back into the gene pool. The color had died out everywhere except Sweden, and there was only one active breeder of black Lakelands still breeding, Ms. Ylva Glimfeldt. (The blue coat color was in no danger of extinction, as it was still found occasionally in blue and tans, although most dogs appearing in the ring had their saddle died or chalked black. I was fortunate enough to see a blue and tan—au naturel—at the first dog show where I’d ever laid eyes on a Lakeland, in 1963. I had always loved Wires and Welsh, but that blue and tan Lakeland stole my heart. I didn’t own my first Lakie until 1970, but I never forgot that lovely blue saddle.) But I digress.

Mrs. Geri Kelly, renowned breeder of black Miniature Schnauzers, was at a pause point in her breeding program. Congenital Juvenile Cataract had made its way into her beloved breed, and the only way to root the problem out was through test breeding, so she paused activity in the show ring while her stock could be tested. In a conversation with Peter Green, he said, effectively, “If you miss being in the ring with your dogs, why don’t you get black Lakelands?” (When she related this, I thought, what? Peter always expressed to me that he thought black Lakelands were an abomination?) But Geri took him at his word (thankfully, for my breed!) and sought out the only source of solid black Lakelands in Sweden, purchasing a male, Glim’s Freya Black, and a female, Glim’s Janna Black. The two were bred in the US and became the progenitors of the solid black color (and hence, also solid blue) in the US, and probably, the world.

(A word here about genetics: the self-red in Lakelands is an epistatic phenomenon; that is, all dogs have, at one place on one chromosome, a gene for black pigment, or a gene for brown pigment. Black is dominant, so if a dog has one of the gene pair that codes for black pigment (the genotype would be BB or Bb), the hair will be black. It takes both genes of the pair at that locus to code for liver color (bb), and if so, then the haircoat will be chocolate brown. Red/wheaten, on the other hand, is a gene that is epistatic; that is, it prevents the expression of a gene at another locus from affecting the haircoat. It is designated E. Therefore, a dog with EE or Ee will be able to express either black or liver color in the haircoat (and nose and eye rims). If the dog’s genetic make-up is the recessive ee, pigment of the nose and eye rims will correspond with the gene for black or liver (BB, Bb for black; bb for liver) but the haircoat will be some shade of red (wheaten all the way to Irish Setter red). But I digress.

When Geri bred the black Lakies and the pups began appearing, her friend, Gunter Behr, was furious; claiming the Lakeland breed would be ruined, that solid black color should not be preserved, etc. When she told him that Peter Green had suggested she get the black Lakelands, Gunter was astounded, contacted Peter, and ranted about why he did such a thing! Peter’s reply: I was joking! I never thought she would get black Lakelands!

Geri, we in Lakelands are so glad you did. You preserved a part of our history, and black and solid blue Lakelands are beautiful! Understandably, Geri’s heart was with her beloved Mini Schnauzers, as the Lakelands’ heritage is a much “higher octane” prey drive. She ceased breeding Lakies, but those of us who love the breed are very grateful for her efforts, which have preserved solid black and blue Lakelands for posterity! May you live long and prosper!

Pat Rock of Providence Forge, Virginia, breeds and shows AKC Lakeland Terriers. She is a member in good standing with the United States Lakeland Terrier Club and the American Working Terrier Association, and is an American Kennel Club licensed judge for Earthdog Tests. Pat has had a passion for genetics and animal breeding since she was a child. (How many other kids did their school science project on coat color genetics in puppies?) Growing up with Pointers and Setters, and always at least one Terrier that her dad kept as a squirrel dog, she bred her first litter in 1961, studying the performance records of potential stud dogs through the pages of The American Field weekly, and shipping that first English Setter bitch in a rented crate on a train via Railway Express to be bred. Getting involved with Conformation showing was the fault of her husband. While they were still teens, he took her to her first dog show knowing that she loved dogs, and because it was a cheap date… After they were married and his job had them moving frequently, it just wasn’t possible to breed anything the size of Pointers. So, she turned to the Lakeland Terrier, having fallen in love with the look of them at that first dog show. The year 2021 marked her 50th year showing Lakelands.

Pat has bred over 100 show champions, five MACH Lakelands (one of them attaining MACH5), and a high percentage of all AKC Earthdog titles earned by Lakelands are Hollybriar owned or bred. Pat has been a member of the United States Lakeland Terrier Club since the early 1970s, has served terms on the Board, also as President, has chaired the Health Committee, brought about the club’s first Breed Health Survey, has written columns for the AKC Gazette for many decades, and was instrumental in the enrollment of the breed in the UC Davis Canine Genetic Diversity Project, an ongoing endeavor to preserve as much genetic diversity in the gene pool as possible for the preservation of the breed into the future. Pat is active in Judge’s Education, and is looking forward to continuing to be active in promoting the breed she loves so much.

D ogs are the most physically varied species on earth, having been selected for specific functions—you’ve surely heard the adage “form follows function.”

In the last 20 years, there has been a huge increase in the number of dogs participating in Performance events. For example, every year there are millions of entries in Agility in the US alone. But this fun sport is not limited to North America. There are several world-level competitions held every year with dozens of countries competing. With increasing local, regional, national, and international competitions, there has inevitably been an increase in breeding dogs specifically for aptitude in the sport. Interestingly, and perhaps not surprisingly, there is now scientific evidence for the existence of specific genes that contribute to muscular, cardiovascular, and neurological processes important for performance. Here is one such study.

Dr. Elaine Ostrander and colleagues compared whole-genome sequence data between sport-hunting and terrier breeds, groups at the ends of a continuum in both form and function, as well as a number of other breeds of dogs. The goal of the study was to determine which genes might underlie functions that are important for athletic ability.

They identified five genes/gene groups involved in performance and behavior.

1. A total of 59 genes were strongly selected for in sport-hunting breeds (spaniels, setters, and pointers; retrievers were not examined). These genes are responsible for muscle, cardiovascular, and neurological functions, which play such an important role in athleticism. They included the following (roles of the genes are in parentheses):

• RYR3 (skeletal muscle contraction)

• ABLIM3 & CDH15 (muscle development)

• ASIC3 (fatigue-enhanced muscle pain)

• TRPM3 (vascular muscle contraction)

• UTRN (muscular dystrophy)

• ADRB1 & GRk4 (heart rate and hypertension)

• ROBO1 & RIMS1 (neurological development)

• KCNQ5 & CDH15 (neurological development) 2. Sport-hunting dogs had a higher level of mutations in the genes CDH23 and MSRB3 as compared to terriers. Mutations of these genes are linked to sensory impairment, and sport-hunting dogs are considered to be a less noise-sensitive group (because of the need to ignore gun shots) than terriers.

3. An examination of over 1,000 Agility dogs representing over 100 breeds showed that a specific allele of the ROBO1 gene was associated with greater success in USDAA (United States Dog Agility Association, Inc.) Agility. ROBO1 encodes a brain protein that guides axons during development, and variations in this gene may result in variable cognitive plasticity. It may affect the ability to identify and acquire environmental information so that task-specific responses can be executed during the sport of Agility.

4. An allele of TRPM3 (which functions in vascular smooth muscle contraction) was significantly associated with increased racing speed in Whippets (but not Greyhounds), accounting for 11.6% of the total variance in racing performance.

5. The gene RSPO2, which previously had been shown to be associated with furnishings (mustache and eyebrows) was selected for in terriers, as were the SHANK2 and OXR1 genes, which are involved in hyperactivity and panic responses. This study provides strong evidence that various breeds of dogs have been selected for improved endurance, cardiac function, blood flow, and cognitive performance, which can affect athletic ability.

What relevance does this study have to you? Well, this study suggests that if you are interested in success in athletic competition, you will tip the balance in your favor if you select your next teammate from lines of dogs that have been bred specifically for success in those competitions. In addition, it might be important to select puppies with parents that have been successful in the specific types of Performance events in which you are interested in competing. Perhaps one day, breeding dogs will be tested for numerous specific genes involved in athletic performance.

As we learn more about the genetics of dogs, will we eventually identify “the champion genome?”

N ature versus nurture! I think most people in the dog world have heard of this debate: How much is inherited, and how much depends on how the puppies are raised or how well they have been “socialized?” Before I ever thought about breeding a litter, I had read the books by Dr. Konrad Lorenz and his theory of imprinting, and I had my first experience which convinced me that his theory was right—with a litter of cats!

“Kat” was a semi-feral barn kitten that we had acquired from a local farm for rodent control. I was her No. 1 person, Mother was No. 2, my brother No. 3, and she would never allow herself to be touched by another human hand. Her first litter was born in a broom cupboard near the back door and were affectionate, loving kittens. Her second litter were born away from the house and were about four weeks old when I found them in the roof of a disused stable. They hissed, scratched, and tried to bite me as I collected them and moved them into the old pump house. I fed them there, and over the next few weeks some were tamed enough to place in homes. The rest disappeared into the bushes and became feral cats. I realized that it was that handling of the first litter from birth that had made all the difference. But what of the ones that remained feral? Why could they not be tamed, though I was able to do it with some?

I have an example of my own experience back in England in my early days. I wanted to breed my bitch to an imported male whose bloodline was not otherwise available in the UK. I took my female to the stud dog on a typically gray, rainy English day. When we arrived, we were taken into the house and sat in front of a roaring fire. One of his owners took my girl’s leash and told us to stay there because the male would only breed a female outdoors. It was quickly accomplished, and the soaking wet male was taken back to the kennel. Nine weeks later, a healthy litter was born. The temperaments in the litter varied, surprisingly.

One male was super outgoing and showy; he went overseas where he gained his Championship title. The others had generally good temperaments, bar one. I had kept two females, one normal, the other was a total spook. The dam of the litter had an exemplary temperament, but the sire? I did not see him again for several months. A foreign visitor was touring a different kennel to meet breeders and see dogs (yes, that was what we did before social media and the Internet!). She wanted to see that particular dog, so his owners brought him out, but he slipped his lead and ran and ran. His owners could not catch him! A group of us had to fan out and corner him, making him go back to the house and kennel where his owners were able to leash him. He was an example of extreme shy/spooky temperament, but at that time and in that place he had other qualities and bloodlines that could not be found elsewhere.

The genetics of a shy temperament are not yet known; maybe in the future? In the meantime, we have to go by what we know of the dogs in front of us and their parents, going all the way back as far as we can. Should a shy dog be bred from if it could be hereditary? Thirty to 40 years ago, I would have said, “Why bother?” Can you not find a better male out there somewhere? Today, with the catastrophic reduction in breed numbers in many breeds and the continuing loss of the gene pool, sometimes there is little to no choice when taking all necessary things into consideration. Structure, breed type, health, and temperament are all important. What is necessary is to stop making excuses; drop the denial and look at everything. Do not duplicate problems of any type, and move ahead in the next generation. A shy bitch should be bred to a rock-solid, stable male, just as you would not want to duplicate a structural fault or any other flaw. If one of the puppies is a spook, acknowledge it, do not deny it or blame it on a lack of socialization.

Yes, temperament does have a genetic component, but choices must be made according to circumstances. Many breeds are now facing too much genetic loss—and more needs to be carefully preserved. That is why I think more attention needs to be paid to the AKC (American Kennel Club) Purebred Preservation Bank (AKC PPB), before it is too late.

I f you’ve ever found yourself at a Breed ring at 8:00 a.m. in a blazer and sensible shoes, coffee in one hand and poop bag in the other, then you’ve probably asked yourself: Why do I do this? And if you’re a member of a parent club—the official AKC (American Kennel Club)- recognized organization for your breed—you’ve probably asked an even more nuanced question: Is this club here to support me? Or is it the other way around?

It’s a fair question. One that speaks not only to your relationship with your dog but to your relationship with the larger preservation dog community. And it does not come with a simple yes-or-no answer. Because the truth is, it’s both.

An AKC parent club is the national organization designated by the American Kennel Club to oversee all matters related to a specific breed. It sets the Breed Standard, guides judges’ education, maintains records of health studies, supports rescue efforts, and advocates for responsible breeding and ownership.

But what it feels like to be a part of a parent club can be a different story.

You might join full of hope, ready to contribute, eager to learn from those who’ve been breeding, showing, and working with the breed for decades. And sometimes, you’re welcomed in with mentorship, community, and even lifelong friendship. Other times? You might feel like you’ve entered a private club where the chairs are already full, and your voice doesn’t carry very far.

So, where does that leave you?

Let’s start with what a club should do for its members. A healthy parent club is an advocate for its breed, yes, but also for the people who choose to own these particular dogs. This includes breeder education, mentorship programs, support for Juniors and newcomers, health research partnerships, and accessible archives of information about the breed’s history and purpose.

Many clubs also publish magazines or newsletters, maintain websites and social media accounts, and offer awards programs that recognize not just Conformation wins but Performance titles, community service, Therapy Dog work, and breeding achievements.

Parent clubs can be lifelines, especially for those who live in remote areas or who are the only people in their state with a rare breed. In theory, your parent club should be the lighthouse, not the gatekeeper.

But that’s the ideal. Not everyone gets the ideal.

Parent clubs, like any organization, are made of people, and people, being human, bring their quirks, biases, passions, and blind spots to the table.

Sometimes, long-time members are so protective of the breed that they inadvertently (or very purposefully) create barriers to entry. Sometimes politics get in the way of progress. Sometimes decisions are made by committee consensus that feel far removed from the lived experiences of regular members just trying to raise sound dogs and do the right thing.

This can make a person wonder, “Why am I giving my time, money, and emotional energy to this club?”

And here’s where the second half of the question comes in.

Are you there for the club? You are—whether you realize it or not. Parent clubs don’t run on autopilot. They don’t survive off dues alone. Every newsletter article, every health survey, every trophy table at a National Specialty was organized, donated, and managed by a volunteer.

That’s likely someone just like you. Maybe it is you.

When a club falters, when it fails to serve its people, when its website is outdated or its voice is absent in legislation that affects your breed, it’s usually because the club is stretched too thin, or no one stepped up.

The hard truth is that clubs need members who don’t just consume resources, but also help to generate them. If you want the club to offer mentorship, be a mentor. If you want better health tracking, chair a committee. If the club’s publications are stale, write an article. If you think newcomers aren’t being welcomed properly, offer to redesign the welcome packet.

You might not get applause. You might run into resistance. You might not even get a thank you. But the wheels will start turning, and someone else might say, “If they can do it, maybe I can, too.”

The strongest clubs aren’t about hierarchy. They’re about stewardship. They’re made up of people who love the breed enough to protect its future while recognizing that no one owns it—not the founders, not the current board, not even the AKC.

The best clubs are collaborative spaces where knowledge is shared generously, new members are valued, and the priorities of health, temperament, preservation, and education are centered above personal egos.

And those kinds of clubs don’t just happen. They’re built. Sometimes they’re built from scratch. Sometimes they’re built by people who once felt left out.

Let’s be honest. Not every club is functioning as it should. Maybe there’s infighting. Maybe the club is resistant to new members, ideas, or technology. Maybe your breed is underserved or marginalized within AKC structures.

You have choices.

You can leave, and sometimes that’s the healthiest move.

You can also stay and quietly support what you believe in, whether that’s sending in health data, supporting ethical breeders, or sponsoring trophies anonymously.

Or you can run for a board seat. Rally like-minded members. Propose a mentorship program. Create a digital archive. Open a respectful conversation. Change the culture.

It’s not easy. It takes thick skin and a clear head. But it’s what sustains preservation breeding. It’s how we ensure that breeds have a future, not just in the show ring but in the homes, fields, couches, and hearts of people who love them.

Maybe. Maybe not yet. But if you believe in the breed—really believe in it—then the club needs you more than you might realize.

It doesn’t need your silence. It doesn’t need your blind loyalty. It needs your voice, your ideas, your service, and your fire.

The club is there for you when you help to shape it into something worth being a part of.

And that’s a legacy worth building.

Let’s say you want to get involved. You want to make a difference for your beloved breed. Where do you start? Here are some ideas to get you thinking:

• Write to the Board of Directors and let them know your skills: Accounting, photography, organization, technical know-how, etc. Do they need help in any area in which you might be able to assist?

• Is there a show coming up near you? Ask how you can help as a local contact.

• Do you have any breed- or dog-specific skills?

Groomer? Excellent nail trimmer? Obedience teacher? Veterinarian? Offer to hold a clinic at your National Specialty.

• Have you observed anything at recent events, Conformation or Performance, that appeared to need help? Bring it up, offer your help, and maybe be the lead on the organization next time.

• For old-timers, these suggestions might seem obvious, but for newcomers, here are some things that happen during a National, for instance, that always need bodies:

º Help to put together Welcome Bags.

º Do a shift at the Welcome Table.

º Help to cover the facility’s carpets with plastic. º Pick up that plastic on the last day.

º Help with setting up the grooming area. º (Wo)man the Club Table.

º Help to sell raffle tickets.

º Offer to be lead person for poop buckets: setting them up with signage, maintaining them, collecting them at show’s end. º Not showing? How about being a Judge’s Hospitality point person?

As you can see, there are plenty of tasks that need to get done. No experience necessary!

Dédé Wilson is a journalist, content strategist, and AKC Breeder of Merit with a media background spanning radio, print, digital, and television. A former Bon Appétit editor and public TV host, she’s also a professional recipe developer and cookbook author. A lifelong advocate for purpose-bred dogs, she is a member of the Bull Terrier Club of America and serves as Corresponding Secretary and New Member Chair for the Miniature Bull Terrier Club of America, and she writes regularly about canine behavior, health, and responsible breeding. Dédé is proud to be involved in Conformation and Performance, having a Van Hildrikhusen Trophy and Westminster Kennel Club Best of Breed Winner, as well as the first and Lifetime Platinum NOHS Miniature Bull Terrier. Her third-generation kennel name, Legacy, is in honor of her father, who introduced her to the world of purebred dogs.

“T his dog can’t be a carrier—both parents are clear!” “Something’s gone wrong—there’s no way this result is right!”

These are the types of concerns we occasionally hear in the world of genetic testing. And as anyone who’s worked in this field for long enough knows, when breeders or pet owners get a test result that doesn’t align with their expectations—or with the parentage—it raises eyebrows, and rightly so.

At Orivet (powered by Paw Print Genetics), we take these concerns seriously. Genetic testing is powerful, but like any scientific process, it isn’t immune to challenges. So, let’s unpack some common questions: Do labs make mistakes? And what should you do if your result doesn’t make sense?

While many believe DNA testing is infallible, the truth is that no lab—no matter how reputable—can claim 100% perfection. I’ve worked across labs from forensic science to mass-scale genetic testing, and I can confidently say that while the technology is incredibly advanced, there are variables at play.

Sometimes it’s the sample. Sometimes it’s the data. And yes, sometimes it’s even us humans.

Let me introduce Charlie and Mary—my ever-observant Boston Terrier and loyal Brussels Griffon. Charlie supervises with scientific authority from his bed in the office, and Mary gives me her look of disapproval any time I say, “It’s probably human error.” They’ve seen it all. And their biggest lesson? Don’t jump to conclusions. Investigate with an open mind.

Let’s use an example we often hear: A breeder receives a result that says their dog is a carrier for a genetic disease. They are shocked—both parents were tested and are reported clear. “How can this be?” they ask. “There must be a mistake!”

Here are some real possibilities to consider:

1. Different Laboratories, Different Standards

Was the sire tested at one lab and the dam at another? This creates complications. Labs may use different platforms, report different alleles, or interpret borderline results differently. What one lab calls “clear” might be another lab’s “low risk carrier” depending on reporting conventions and cutoff thresholds.

2. Sample Mix-Ups: Yes, They Happen

Let’s be honest—human error exists. But not always at the lab. In my 20-plus years in genetics, over 90% of errors I’ve investigated trace back to sample collection, not lab processing. This is especially true when:

• A litter of puppies is swabbed at once.

• Samples are labeled by coat color or collar color, not microchip.

• Collections happen at home without verification.

Charlie always growls at this one—he says, “Colorcoded collars? Really?” He’s not wrong.

3. Poor DNA Quality Can Skew Results

If a swab was dried improperly, left in the heat, or simply didn’t get enough cheek cells, the DNA yield can be too low for confident analysis. We call this allelic dropout, and it can lead to a misread. This is why at Orivet, every disputed sample is manually reviewed by a human analyst before a decision is made.

Rather than speculating what other labs might do, let’s walk through how Orivet manages these cases.

Step 1: Manual Data Review

Every questionable result triggers a review by a qualified geneticist. We check:

• The original genotype

• The quality and quantity of DNA

• Platform call rates and allelic balance This is not automated. A trained human intervenes. Mary usually looks over their shoulder, just in case.

Step 2: DNA Profile Check

At Orivet, every sample includes a DNA profile— a unique genetic fingerprint. If a client submits a second sample, we can compare profiles to verify if they match. This is incredibly helpful in catching sample swaps or mislabeling. Together with this, a “sex” marker is included in the DNA Profile which ensures the sex matches the sex identified on the form or sample activation.

Step 3: Request a New Sample

We always offer to rerun the test at no charge. Why? Because a new swab rules out contamination, collection error, and other unknowns. It lets us start fresh.

Step 4: Approved Collection Method

If the concern is significant or high stakes (e.g., breeding decisions), or member body registrations, we recommend using an Approved Collection Method, which includes:

• Microchip verification at the time of collection

• Collection by an independent third party (e.g., vet or verified collector)

This ensures the integrity of the sample and prevents future disputes. Reports from Orivet clearly state “Approved Collection Method: Yes” when this process is followed.

If the second test confirms the original result, the next question is—what about the parents?

If they were tested at Orivet, we check their results and DNA profiles. We verify parentage through parentage testing. If they were tested elsewhere, we ask for full reports, and in some cases, request new swabs for comparison.

Charlie and Mary have a motto: “Call the lab first. Email if needed. Avoid posting it on social media before giving the lab a chance to respond.”

Most labs genuinely want to get it right. We’re in the business of genetics, but we’re also in the business of trust. The best way to protect your breeding program is to stay curious and collaborative, not combative.

Many breeders ask, “Shouldn’t labs be 100% accurate?” In forensic DNA analysis, yes—we aim for 99.999% accuracy. But those labs:

• Run one or two samples at a time.

• Triple check every result.

• Spend thousands of dollars per test.

Commercial labs like Orivet serve thousands of breeders and pet owners weekly. While our systems are incredibly robust, they rely on efficiency, trust in the collection process, and streamlined reporting. It’s why we have quality controls, DNA profiles, and trained staff monitoring results daily.

Labs can make mistakes, but so can owners and collectors. Results that don’t make sense should be explored—not dismissed. Work with your lab to clarify and correct. Use approved collection methods whenever possible. And yes—repeat the test when needed, especially when it’s offered for free.

As Charlie always reminds me, “DNA (science) doesn’t lie—but humans sometimes confuse it.”

So, the next time a result surprises you, take a breath, pick up the phone, and reach out. We’re here to help decode what the DNA is telling us—and to help make sense of the complex stories hiding in your dog’s genes.

Until next time, happy breeding,

George, Charlie & Mary

This event is one of the biggest shows in Europe; it is a double show. On Saturday, the SCC (Société Centrale Canine), or in simple wording, the French Kennel Club, has to organize, per their statutes, the National Breed Specials and combine it with the National Championship Show, held on Sunday. By numbers, this is the biggest show in France. While the Breed Specials attracted 3,579 entries, the Championnat de France had 5,595.

In order to get all these dogs properly judged, 58 judges gathered at the Château de Brognon, representing 13 different countries. Most of them were very busy judging entries of over 100 dogs; the maximum was 143! The vast majority of the judges (39) were also French! This has two main reasons. France is a very chauvinistic country and has plenty of experienced judges, but the second reason is that many of the French breeds are not very well known outside France; French judges are best placed for this. For foreign judges it is always an opportunity to meet and learn about all the special French breeds, and their French colleagues are always happy to teach them.

The French Championship is open to any dog from any country, but again, 90% of the participants, totaling 5,063, were from France! Switzerland came next with 102 entries, followed by Belgium with 88, Italy with 82, Spain with 65, and Germany with 62. In total, 27 countries were represented; even a dog from the US and three from Indonesia. Dog people say that France is more or less an island in the FCI (Fédération Cynologique Internationale). It is the biggest country in the FCI, but they are usually not proportionally represented in the World and European Shows. They have hundreds of shows all over the country so that French exhibitors don’t feel the need to go abroad. The French Kennel Club is very well organized and has their own show registration system and collects huge amounts of statistics every year. The largest FCI World Dog Show, with over 30,000 entries, and a very successful European Show in 2022 are proof of their skills.

For this year’s Championship, the show moved again to Brognon, about 17 kilometers from the old city of Dijon. It alternates with Montluçon, where the show took place last year and where the Championship will take place again. The Château de Brognon is no longer inhabited, but it is open for events and the cellar is furnished for serving food and drinks. During the show it was open for the judges, staff, and stewards. The area around the castle is large and serves as prairies for the horses. For the Championnat it was very clean and free of horse excrement.

Each of the 60 rings had a nice, large pavilion as shelter for the judge, steward, and the dogs in the ring against rain and sun. The weather was fine with a few insignificant showers in the morning, while the sun was pleasing and often rather warm. There was plenty of space for large rings and still enough room for all the folding tents of the exhibitors, who used them not for themselves but for the dogs.

Interesting was the Lure Coursing, set up in the far end of the field where everyone could try his dog, sighthound or not. It was funny and clear to see that Lure Coursing is breed-related. Guard and shepherd dogs were hardly interested, pointing dogs were confused as the lure was very close in order to attract their attention and had no scent to point to, and retrievers did not know what to do as the lure was still moving. Hounds were looking for a trace, nose to the ground, missing the lure passing fast right next to them, and companion dogs were often scared, though some others saw it as an invitation to play. Only sighthounds had the real instinct to chase the lure, and most of them started off even without any training.

Every day the activity was very busy around the castle itself. The old building offered a perfect background to take photos and no one let this opportunity pass by. On Sunday morning there was a mass in open air and the traditional Christian blessing of the hunting dogs and the hounds of the “meutes” (packs of hunting dogs), accompanied by a group of horn blowers. It’s a very special moment. The whole event was very well organized, with plenty of food available and a huge barbeque spreading its typical scent all over the grounds. Together with the pleasant weather, it was a feeling like being at a fair.

The main ring was under a huge tent, with a very nice podium on one side and seats and tables for the judges and VIPs on the other side, while the long sides offered seating for the spectators. It is tradition in this area of France to have all kinds of “Miss and Mister” elections for many different titles and the winners are supposed to attend the events in their region. (At least that is what I was told.) I estimate there were over 10 in total. The winners of the Junior Handling were even flanked by three “Teenage-Misses” hardly over 12 years old, and there were as many “Misters” as there were “Misses” who accompanied the judges in the main ring. The judging itself went very smoothly, correctly timed, and the comments of the speakers were very professional.

It is always interesting to see how the popularity of certain breeds varies from country to country. Border Collies, Bearded Collies, Rough and Smooth Collies, Bobtails…, they are by far outnumbered by the local shepherd breeds. France recognizes 59 national breeds for the moment. Hunting is very popular in France and many of those breeds belong to the hunting dogs.

To see real “meutes” you need to come over to some shows, and even then, it is not always a guarantee. Their transport to a show is a real operation and cannot usually be done by one person alone, as the biggest ones are composed of 30 to 40 dogs the size of a Greyhound. To see them walking all together unleashed behind the hunters on their horses, you will never forget the sight. And when they start howling, accompanied by the sound of the hunting horns, it makes you shiver. Of France’s breeds, four are not yet recognized by the FCI: the Epagneul (Spaniel) de Saint-Usuge, a dog adapted to retrieve water game and woodcock; the Briquet de Provence, a fast-working hound with a nice voice; the Bruno de Saint-Hubert, a hound for smaller packs, resembling its larger brother the “Chien de St-Hubert” or Bloodhound; and the Cursini, a multi-purpose dog originating from Corsica (https://www.centrale-canine.fr/articles/4-races-francaises-non-fci-decouvrir). Every region of France has its interesting canine heritage to discover.

Many people have a visit to Paris (or France) on their bucket list. When there, the French Kennel Club is always happy to help you satisfy your canine needs, whether it is attending shows, finding breeders, or visiting their newly opened dog museum in Paris. Find all info at: https://www.centrale-canine.fr.

I f you’ve been in the sport of purebred dogs for more than five minutes, you’ve heard the phrase “Breed Standard.” At Dog Show Mentor, every member takes a thorough look at their Breed Standard and finds the answers to many questions about showing and breeding dogs.

Taking a deep dive into your Standard, you develop an understanding of the ways that it affects your breed’s future. It also helps you hone in on how you fit into guiding your breed looking ahead.

When you understand how Breed Standards evolve, you’re not just satisfying curiosity—you’re stepping into a leadership role in shaping the future of your breed. As someone who has worked directly with parent clubs, I’ve had the privilege of helping clubs navigate the sometimes-murky process of revising their Breed Standards. Now, I’m lifting the veil so that you can understand how and why it all works. It’s about empowerment.

Breed Standards define everything. They guide how we breed, how we judge, and how we show. They ensure consistency, preserve hallmark traits, and protect the integrity of your breed over generations. In short, they are the legal and cultural DNA of every breed. However, sometimes Standards change. Here are some of the reasons why:

1. The original Standard was not clear in one or more critical areas.

2. Genes have emerged over time that are linked with health concerns.

3. Legal issues arise due to docking and cropping or other veterinary procedures.

When Standards change, most exhibitors, even longtime breeders, don’t fully understand the process for changing them. That’s what this article is about: Not just what changes are made but how, why, and by whom.

Contrary to common belief, the AKC (American Kennel Club) doesn’t write your Breed Standard. That responsibility—and privilege—belongs solely to the parent club. The AKC Guidelines for Writing Breed Standards state:

“It shall be the duty and privilege of each parent member specialty club to define precisely the true type of the breed of purebred dogs which it was organized to promote and improve.”

That wording is powerful: “duty and privilege.” Your club—not the AKC—is entrusted with defining the breed. The parent club creates the Standard, and once approved by the AKC Board of Directors, it becomes “the sole Standard of excellence by which dogs are bred and judged.”

Yes, you read that right: the AKC Board must approve every change. It’s not 100 percent the parent club’s decision. AKC determines the formatting as well.

And once there is an official change, no revision can be made without going through a formal process. The parent club owns the Breed Standard—but within a specific set of AKC rules and circumstances.

A revision includes any change, deletion, interpretation, or clarification to an existing Breed Standard. These elements were taken directly from the Guidelines for Writing Breed Standards by the American Kennel Club. Direct quotes are so noted.

1. Form the Breed Standard Committee

Your club’s Constitution and By-Laws have a system in place to create a Breed Standard Revision Committee. The club’s board of directors forms a committee specifically to review and propose revisions.

2. Notify the AKC

Once the committee is established, the club must notify the AKC that it intends to revise the Standard. This is a required step in the process.

3. Engage the Membership

The committee is expected to be intentional in following the highly recommended AKC process.

Experience shows that when clubs are inclusive and transparent—keeping members informed of proposed changes—the revision process moves more smoothly and faces less resistance. Members should know why the Standard is being opened, and which elements are under review.

Once the draft language is developed, it must be shared with the membership for comment before submitting the final version to AKC staff. For example, if revisions address potential legal concerns such as ear cropping or tail docking, or propose changes to disqualifications or size, those topics should be clearly communicated in advance.

The committee should consider all available methods for outreach—presentations at national specialties, website updates, Facebook posts, or private emails. No matter the method, include the “why” behind the changes.

When members are involved early, consensus builds. AKC has intentionally woven in principles of shared decision-making—tools proven effective in mediation and conflict resolution for centuries.

4. Draft Revisions

The committee begins crafting language. This may include edits, additions, deletions, or clarifications. The language must be clear, precise, and measurable—especially when it comes to disqualifications (DQs). Draft revisions incorporate the feedback and rationale outlined in Step 3.

5. Submit for AKC Staff Review

The proposed changes are reviewed by AKC staff and then published in the AKC Gazette, where they remain open for comments for 60 days.

6. Membership Vote

Members of the parent club vote on the proposed revisions. Clubs must adhere to their own Constitutions and Bylaws during this step.

7. Final Approval

If passed, the proposed revisions are submitted to the AKC Board of Directors for final approval. Once approved, the revised Standard is locked in under a five-year moratorium, during which no further changes can be made.

If a revision is unsuccessful, the club must wait 18 months before resubmitting.

Note: If submitted by petition and fails, the same topic cannot be re-petitioned for 18 months.

You don’t have to be on the Standard Revision Committee to have a voice. You can write to your club, your board, or even the AKC during the 60-day comment period. You can share your expertise and advocate for or against proposed changes. And if you want a seat at the table, step up and get on the committee. It’s one of the most influential ways to shape the breed for generations to come.

Know your club’s Bylaws. Sometimes they can be hard to locate if they’re not on the parent club’s website, but they do matter. The order of operations in your Bylaws must be followed in tandem with AKC procedures. Don’t assume compliance; verify it.

There are particular formatting rules for each Standard. They are too numerous to list here, but they are specific. The AKC expects Standards to use clear, declarative language. For example:

1. The dog has almond-shaped eyes (not “should have”).

2. Disqualifying faults must be measurable and objective—like blue flecks in the eyes or weight/height limits. Use of the AKC glossary from The Complete Dog Book is required. “Standards should avoid long lists of faults or vague descriptions.” Every word should relate to the breed’s function and hallmark qualities. If your breed was recognized before 1989, you may be exempt from specific formatting rules—but that doesn’t mean you can ignore clarity or intent.

Your Standard’s “General Appearance” paragraph is the most important. It should distill the essence of your breed, outline its function, and highlight its hallmarks (key breed characteristics). If that paragraph doesn’t do that, it’s time for revision.

While the AKC now encourages a consistent, linear format for new Standards, many longtime fanciers worry that a rigid structure can dilute the essence of a breed description. It’s a fair concern. The unique voice and poetic phrasing found in older Standards often captured more than mechanics—they captured the essence of breed type. If your breed’s character lives between the lines, consider how to preserve that while still honoring the required framework. The goal is to clarify, not flatten, the uniqueness of each breed.

As I tell my members, if the General Appearance section doesn’t describe your breed’s essence and purpose, how can you expect judges or even fellow breeders to align with it?

Let me share a note I received recently from a Dog Show Mentor member. It beautifully illustrates the kind of ripple effect this work can have:

“I’m working on a medallion design for our club and needed language for the inscription. Guess who knew exactly where to go? Me. How? A certain awesome mentor taught me how to read the Standard for the important stuff.”

This is what I mean when I say: All roads lead to the Breed Standard.

It isn’t just paperwork—it’s legacy work. When you understand how the Standard is written, how it’s changed and why it matters, you become a steward of your breed’s future. This is more powerful than learning how to free-bait. This is the foundation.

The purpose of your breed’s Standard is to define its identity, emphasize its purpose, and preserve its hallmarks. Changes should only be made when absolutely necessary and with strong consensus. Stay true to your breed’s function. Use precise language. Avoid generalities and long fault lists. Build consensus within your club, and read between the lines to understand the words and their intended meaning.

You hold the future of your breed in your hands.

Whether you’re an exhibitor, breeder, or judge, don’t forget: The Breed Standard isn’t just for the judges, it’s for all of us who love purebred dogs.

I’ve seen firsthand how this process shapes the future of our sport and how much stronger we are when we shape it together.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Lee Whittier has over three decades of experience in the world of purebred dogs as an experienced breeder, exhibitor, and internationally recognized judge. A former AKC Executive Field Representative, Lee now judges multiple Groups at prestigious shows worldwide. As the founder of the Dog Show Mentor program, she empowers owner handlers globally with strategic approaches to showing dogs. Lee currently resides in Vancouver, Washington, where she enjoys her Tibetan Terriers, gardening, and hiking. If you want more information about how to expand your dog show horizons, contact Lee@DogShowMentor.com

At Dog Show Mentor, we make winners.

I have been active in purebred dogs and AKC events for almost 50 years. I first stepped into the Conformation ring at the tender age of eight with my parents’ (Michael and Merry Carol Houchard) Great Danes. Since that time, I have competed in Conformation, Junior Showmanship, Obedience, Agility, Rally, Lure Coursing, Barn Hunt, Fast CAT, and Herding.

I became enamored with the Canaan Dog in 1997, the year of the breed’s full AKC recognition into the Herding Group. Looking for a breed of medium size with intelligence and exceptional health, the Canaan Dog seemed the logical choice. After meeting my first Canaan Dogs in person, a new chapter in my life began. With the arrival of my first Canaan Dog in 1998, I have devoted much of my life to this amazing breed. Through the years, I have bred or owned over 40 AKC Champions, multiple National Specialty winners, many top Owner-Handled dogs since the inception of the NOHS, and my dogs have earned over 170 Performance titles.

I am an AKC approved Judge for Canaan Dogs, Junior Showmanship, Fast CAT, Farm Dog, FETCH, and I’m a CGC Evaluator. I have an admiration for Herding breeds. Their intelligence, form, and function hold a special place in my heart.

1. How were you first introduced to the sport of purebred dogs? To your breed?

I am one of the few who was actually born into the sport of purebred dogs; my maternal grandmother was a charter member of Clearwater Kennel Club in the 1940s. My mother competed with her Boxer in Junior Showmanship in the 1940s and early 1950s. My parents, Michael and Merry Carol Houchard, bred and showed Great Danes, Vizslas, and later, Dalmatians under the Lyceum prefix. I started showing Great Danes in Conformation before I was old enough for Junior Showmanship. Once old enough for Juniors, I enjoyed competing with my Great Danes. I won many regional competitions and managed to qualify for The Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show before I aged-out. Canaan Dogs came into my life in 1997. Way back in the late 1900s, the AKC Gazette used to arrive printed, in the mail. The August 1997 issue hit my mailbox and had a Canaan Dog on the cover, as AKC’s (American Kennel Club) newest breed. I read the article, reached out to some breeders, met my first dogs at a show, and it has been history since then. My life has been changed by this breed, and their preservation is a major driving force in my existence.

2. How many years in dogs? In your breed?

I have been in dogs my entire life. There is even photographic evidence of me at a dog show in the womb. I became interested in Canaan Dogs in 1997, with my first dog being whelped in 1997 and arriving in January of 1998.

3. Do you attend show handling classes? Have you attended in-person handling seminars?

I have attended handling classes in the past for puppy socialization and training. I have not attended any in-person handling seminars. I do see and understand the benefit of both classes and seminars.

4. Have you found virtual learning tools to be helpful? Videos? Websites? Social Media? AKC Canine College?

I have not used any virtual learning tools. I do know of a few handlers who have online classes and have seen positive results in their students. Any tools that can help to improve presentation and strengthen the bond with your dog are to be commended and utilized when available.

5. Do you compete in the National Owner-Handled Series? Are rankings important to you?

I do compete in the NOHS (National Owner-Handled Series). I enjoy the opportunity to present my dogs to a wider range of judges—i.e., the possibility to show them to NOHS Group Judges who may not see a Canaan Dog otherwise. Rankings are secondary to me, and I have a very polarizing opinion of rankings. Granted, I’m not going to scoff or turn down top rankings, but rankings have become more important than the dogs to some people within the sport. I can remember a day when a Breed win over a lovely entry was far more important than being in the Top Five for your breed. Quality needs to be vastly more important than quantity.

6. In which class(es) are you most likely to enter your dog(s)?

Class dogs/puppies are entered in Bred-By when applicable. I was very thankful when the Bred-By Puppy class was approved by AKC. I am very appreciative to the clubs that offer the Bred-By Puppy classes. In the rare cases that I’m not showing a Bred-By dog, my dogs go in their age-appropriate class, or if aged-out of Puppy, they go in Open.

7. Who have been your mentor(s) as an Owner Handler?

My parents were my original mentors and instilled in me that the dog’s needs always come first, sportsmanship and respect of your competitors is paramount, and above all have fun with your dog. Over the years there have been many other handlers who have helped me hone my handling and grooming skills. The late Mel Holloman guided me most with the finer points of campaigning my Canaan Dogs. I can still hear him in my head asking me to “lengthen your stride.”

8. What are the benefits of competing with your breed(s) as an Owner Handler?

The benefits of competing with my Canaan Dogs as an Owner Handler are the times spent with my dogs. Canaan Dogs bond very tightly with their owners, and the time spent with them in the ring only strengthens that bond. I enjoy presenting my own dogs to judges and the fancy. In the beginning, we were a mostly Owner-Handled breed; that has changed over the years to 50/50 Owner/Professional-handled. I do utilize Professional Handlers when I have more than one special that needs to be campaigned, but I will always remain on one of the specials. I take great pride in campaigning my own dogs and truly appreciate all the accolades my dogs have received.

9. How are you encouraging new exhibitors to participate in the sport?

I’d like to think that I’m encouraging new exhibitors by example. Currently, I have two Fast CAT friends who have now started in Conformation. I had asked one of them to show my veteran at the AKC National Championship. We practiced a bit, but I knew my veteran would show her what to do. And he did; the smile on both of their faces is a memory that warms my heart. We then went on to co-own a Canaan Dog, on which she put a major and a few points. She now has her own Australian Cattle Dog (ACD) show prospect and the two of them are learning together with much success. The other friend has recently acquired her first show puppy, a Miniature American Shepherd (MAS). I, along with her breeder, have been helping her learn proper grooming and presentation techniques for her MAS. Encouraging these friends, and others, to go out and have fun in the Conformation ring is what I can do best. Educating and guiding them about how to present the best attributes of their exhibits helps them to become better handlers. You have to be able to recognize your dog’s virtues and faults to present them to their best advantage.

10. Are there any suggestions you’d like to pass along about the presentation of your breed(s).

Above all, presentation of the Canaan Dog starts in puppy-hood. Early socialization is key for a Canaan Dog that will be presented well in the Conformation ring. Naturally aloof in temperament, the Canaan Dog can be difficult to present in the ring. Positive experiences in the ring are what younger dogs need; don’t worry about being perfect—that will come with positive ring experiences and time. Actual presentation will depend on the individual dog. Ears up, tail up when standing. This can be achieved both standing beside the dog and/or standing in front of the dog; it all depends on the individual. My current special has an invisible line between his ears and tail. If I have ears, I typically don’t have a tail. If I have tail, I typically don’t have ears. Thus, with this dog, I stand beside him to help encourage his tail to stay up over his back. My previous special I could show like a Doberman Pinscher; out in front at 10 feet with bait, and have ears and tail. Gaiting should be at the speed appropriate for the breed—a quick, brisk, natural trot.

11. What are your goals as an Owner Handler? Is there a victory that has eluded you?

My goals as an Owner Handler remain the same as always: To present Canaan Dogs of quality to judges and the fancy. I have had many memorable victories, both here and abroad, but the one that has eluded me is to actually handle one of mine to a Westminster Kennel Club Best of Breed win.

12. Is there a funny story that you can share about your experiences as an Owner Handler?

There are multitudes of funny stories I could share. One of my favorites was a Herding Group placement at one of the larger, more prestigious shows. We had gone up East for Bucks and Trenton, shows that had been on my bucket list for years. I had a brother/sister duo in tow. Mel Holloman was handling the sister, and I was on the brother. The sister had been doing very well and was on a roll. That particular day, I took the Breed with the brother.

We were in the lovely Herding Group on the beautiful grounds at Bucks County. I believe I was one of three Owner Handlers in the Group that day. I felt I had no chance, with many of the top Herding dogs and handlers present in the Group, so I went in to just have fun with my dog and let the fancy see him. We rarely went up to this part of the country, being from the South, so I was happy to have a new audience see him. He showed like a dream, probably because I felt no pressure. Robert Frost was our judge and commented how lovely my exhibit was during the exam. I thanked him and did my down, back, and around. Mr. Frost did not make a cut that day. He pulled out Greg Strong and his Bouvier des Flandres for First and then pointed in my direction. I literally looked left, looked right, did the “who me” signal, to which I was greeted with a “yes, you” from Mr. Frost. I was gobsmacked and could hear the cheers and laughter from my friends at ringside. To have garnered a Herding Group Two among that lovely competition, and at a bucket list show, was a moment I’ll cherish forever. To have been that stereotypical Owner Handler who didn’t believe she could place among some of the finest of the day, and the “who me” reaction, still makes me giggle. Believe in yourself and, most of all, believe in your dog.

1. How were you first introduced to the sport of purebred dogs? To your breed?

My old boss, who was an Obedience person, took me to an all-breed dog show with her. I was way more interested in the showing part than I was the Obedience part. I saw my first Ibizan Hound a year later at that same show and fell in love.

2. How many years in dogs? How many as an Owner Handler? As a Breeder?

I’ve had dogs all my life, but I got my first show dog about 25 years ago; I only showed him a few times. I got my first true show dog years later. She ended up being my foundation Ibizan bitch, “Enya,” Ch. Nahala DaVinci Chaotic Conception FCh. I’ve been an Owner Handler from the start. I finished Enya and I’m currently showing a bitch four generations down from her (Breeder/ Owner/Handler).

3. Do you attend show handling classes? Have you attended in-person handling seminars?

I’ve been to a few handling classes, but I’m mostly self-taught from watching handlers in my early years and tips from my mentors. I also adjust my handling for each dog.

4. Have you found virtual learning tools to be helpful? Videos? Websites? Social Media? AKC Canine College?

I’ve rarely used them, although I did watch YouTube in my early years. I think they 100 percent can benefit new people or those looking to learn new skills or ways to take it to the next level.

5. Do you compete in the National Owner-Handled Series? Are rankings important to you?

I do compete in the National Owner-Handled Series (NOHS). My Ibizan “Hugo” was the No. 1 National Owner-Handled Hound a few years ago. I do feel rankings are important. I’ve been ranked in both Owner-Handled and the regular Hound Group. I’m very proud of being a Breeder/Owner Handler.

6. How important is the Bred-By Class to you? How important are Specialties?

The Bred-By class is the most important class, even more so at a Speciality.

I’m proud of the dogs I produce; I want the judges and fellow exhibitors to see what Nahala and Nahala/Heron and Hound are producing. Specialties tend to pull a large entry and represent many different kennels. A Specialty win, to me, can be more important than a large entry all-breed win. My breed doesn’t have many Specialties outside of our National Specialty, and each of my National wins, at all levels, has been very important to me as a breeder and exhibitor of my breed. Specialties are also a great time to see what else is out there.

7. Is it a challenge to compete with your breed as a Breeder/Owner Handler?

No, it is not a challenge to compete with my breed as a Breeder/Owner Handler, and I will do all that I can to make sure that never changes.

8. Who have been your mentor(s) as an Owner Handler? As a Breeder?

My start in the breed came from my mentor; I got my first Ibizan from DaVinci Ibizans. I have loads of respect for my co-breeder, Heron and Hound, but honestly, I talk to all breeders, whether we breed in similar ways or not.

9. How important is the Breeder/Owner Handler to the future of the sport? To your breed?

The Breeder/Owner Handler is extremely important to the future of the sport. My breed is very Breeder/Owner Handler and Owner Handler friendly. I hope it always stays that way.

10. What advice would you give to Owner Handlers who are thinking of breeding their dog(s)?

Read your Breed Standard. Talk to multiple breeders. Take your time. You can go backwards if things go bad. Make sure you look at all things included in breeding, not just at the dogs in front of you.

11. What are your goals as a Breeder/Owner Handler? Is there a victory that has eluded you?

I just want to continue to enjoy my dogs, and breed functional Ibizans that also make great pets.

12. Is there a funny story that you can share about your experiences as a Breeder/Owner Handler?

I was showing to a breeder-judge. She had always appreciated my dogs and has been at shows for big wins with my MBIS-winning male. This time, I was showing his two-year-old son. Let’s say his son is much more “spirited” than his well-trained and professional father. On this day, Chip didn’t want to stand still for a stack. He spent more time vertical than horizontal and he was having a good old time, while I was sweating. Chip kept it together during the exam until the judge was about halfway down his back… then he decided he wanted to jump at me. The judge looked at me with a smile and asked, “First dog show?” We both laughed, as clearly it was “The Chip Show” and I was just along for the ride. A year later he is still as spirited as ever, but he makes everyone laugh and smile. Both his father and Chip were bred by myself, but they are completely different dogs in personality. Both are fun-loving and outgoing, but Chip does things his way.

1. Where do you live? Where do you go to school?

My name is Natalie Van Tassel, and I reside in Covington, Washington. I am in the 12th grade and attend Washington’s Connections Academy.

2. Do you have any hobbies or interests apart from purebred dogs? Do you have a job?

I do have other hobbies! They include enjoying nature, drawing, and cooking. While I don’t have an official corporate job, I groom dogs and clean kennels, as well as create art commissions for pets and logos.

3. Have you grown up in a doggy family? What is your breed(s)?

My family has always had dogs by our sides; from the time I was very little I don’t ever remember a time that we didn’t have dogs. My heart breed is the Australian Shepherd, and this is the current breed that resides in our home, but I have fallen in love with a few other breeds like the English Springer Spaniel and Border Collie.

4. How were you introduced to Junior Showmanship? When did you start competing?

I was introduced into Junior Showmanship a little over five years ago when I received my first Australian Shepherd puppy, “Remington” (aka “Remi”), and my mentor invited me to a handling class. After that first class I fell in love and found my purpose; the rest is history!

5. What do you remember about the first time you showed as a Junior?

I remember my very first time showing in Junior Showmanship. It was at an ASCA (American Shepherd Club of America) show at my mentor’s house and I remember being very nervous and green, yet I was never deterred or considered giving up. Every once in a while I still see photos of my first time showing and laugh looking back on it, but you have to remember, everyone starts somewhere!

6. How do you prepare your dog and yourself for the ring? Any rituals? Any good luck charms?

Preparing my dog and myself before ring time starts with the grooming, for both me and my dog. I make sure he (or any dog I’m showing) is looking his very best, and after that is done, I make sure I look the part as well. A professional look is a must. Ringside, I always make sure to work my dog, to get both his and my mindset in place and warmed up for the ring. I also like to give him a kiss on the head and tell him that he is a good boy before we go in the ring.

7. What’s it like in the ring when the pressure is on? Do you have a secret for handling the nerves?

When the pressure is on, I tend to get very fidgety, touching or repositioning legs, flattening or brushing hairs (that probably look fine), and sometimes my hands tremble. My biggest secret for handling these nerves is to fake it till you make it. If you aren’t feeling confident that day, fake it, and eventually you will trick your mind into thinking you are confident and the best thing out there.

8. Do you have a mentor in the sport? Have you assisted any Professional Handlers?

I have many memorable, esteemed, and wonderful mentors in this sport, all who have taught me to be the handler I am today. I am eternally grateful to each and every one of them, and I am so blessed to have them in my circle. I also have assisted many renowned Professional Handlers and have learned a LOT, and I am forever grateful to them as well!

9. Are there any wins for which you are particularly proud? Any memorable losses?

There are so many memorable wins that I have made throughout the years of showing, a couple examples being my boy, Remi, winning Best of Breed Altered at the 2022 ASCA Pre-Show, and my first AKC (American Kennel Club) Best Junior with my boy. Another memorable win would have to be qualifying for The Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show for the first time, and then Masters after that. I don’t have any memorable losses because, even though I may not have won or placed that day, I remember that it’s the judge’s opinion that day and, no matter what, I am walking out of that ring with the best dog.

10. How do you accentuate your dog’s breed type in the ring? How do you try to stand out?

To accentuate my dog’s breed type in the ring, I really focus on presenting him in a way that shows off his best features. I’m not afraid to switch things up; sometimes I’ll kneel, or move out away from him to get a better picture for the judge. I always make sure I’m moving at the right speed to match his natural gait, so his movement looks clean and effortless. Stacking is also a big part of it; my dog tends to rock back on his feet, so I’ve taught him a cue—“rock it,”—to push himself forward into the correct position. It’s small details like this that really help us stand out.

11. Is your breed generally well-suited for a Junior Showmanship career?

Australian Shepherds are a very energetic, highly intelligent breed that can be very biddable and eager to please. They are a wonderful size and are also easy to maintain, as they are very “wash and wear.” However, since they are a Herding breed, training and socialization are very important to ensure a well-balanced and well-adjusted dog. They may not be a good choice for everyone, and I recommend doing research and contacting breeders as being essential for picking any Junior dog.

12. Are there any breeds that you would like to show but haven’t shown yet?

There are! I have always wanted to handle Borzois, Scottish Deerhounds, and Irish Wolfhounds. I find them to be very elegant and mythical dogs; they have always caught my eye.

13. What can be done to encourage more young people to participate in Junior Showmanship?

One way to encourage more young people to participate in Junior Showmanship is to make the experience more accessible and welcoming. Even small things, like keeping Junior entries affordable, can make a difference, especially since many Juniors are entering on their own or with limited support. I understand clubs have expenses, but sometimes the entry cost can be the deciding factor for whether or not a Junior gets to compete. Encouraging mentorship, creating more Junior-friendly events, and promoting the program through schools or youth groups could also help to bring in new faces and grow the sport.

14. Have you bred or co-bred a litter? If so, can you share what you’ve learned from the experience?

While I haven’t bred any of my Australian Shepherds yet, I have co-bred a few Border Collie litters and helped to whelp a few Aussie litters as well. I have learned so much, from things like heat cycles, progesterone windows, breeding, temperature drops, gestation, and problems that can happen after birth.

15. Is breeding something that you’d like to pursue? Is breed preservation important to you?

Breeding is one of my longtime dreams that I want to pursue in the future. I want to better and preserve our breed to the best of my ability, and possibly, one day, give another Junior their very first best friend.

16. What are your goals for the future? Do you see yourself continuing in the sport once you’ve aged-out?

My goals for the future are deeply connected to my dream of becoming a breeder. I hope to one day have my own successful breeding program and champion the dogs I’ve bred. More than just finishing titles, I want to produce dogs that truly represent the Breed Standard, both in structure and temperament. One of my biggest dreams is to win a Best in Show with a dog I’ve bred and handled myself; that would be the ultimate full-circle moment. Even after I age-out of Juniors, I absolutely see myself continuing in the sport. I love everything about it—the dogs, the challenge, the community—and I want to stay involved as a breeder, handler, and mentor for future Juniors, just like others have done for me.

17. Can you share a word or two about your relationship with your current dog? What does s/he mean to you?

My boy, Remi, means the absolute world to me. He is my other half, and he gives me purpose in life. I am forever grateful to him for being my first best friend, and for always cheering me up when I am down and for showing his heart out for me.

18. Is there a funny story that you can share about experiences as a Junior Handler?

While I don’t have any wild or over-the-top funny stories—like losing a shoe in the ring or having my skirt fall off—I do have a sweet, funny memory that always makes me smile. One time during the exam with my dog Remi, the judge was going over him when Remi suddenly tilted his head back and gave the judge a big, wet kiss right on the face. I was so embarrassed in the moment and didn’t really know what to do, but looking back, it was one of those innocent, charming things that just reminds me how much heart our dogs have. It ended up being more wholesome than anything, and now it’s a moment I’ll always remember fondly.

T he King Charles Spaniel (English Toy Spaniel) comes from a very long history of spaniel-type animals bred over many centuries. We know dogs were transferred through a trade route—the tea trade routes that ran from the Orient through Tibet, across and through Eastern Europe, and over to Italy, France, and Spain, and then up through England. The dogs were bred to be portable and easily transferred. They were companion animals, but they also served as a way of bartering and commerce. So, they became a currency in a sense and were traded for goods or traded for other dogs. They would be given as gifts to a female companion, for example. The early stages of these portable animals were rather multi-purposed, but they were all still within that realm of commerce and companionship.

Eventually, these dogs took on regional looks and true breeds were developed. This was not unique to just the “spaniel world” because we know other breeds have been developed in the same fashion. Think of the Hungarian guardian breeds and the many breeds that can be traced back to this locale. Guardian dogs and livestock breeds have evolved similarly along the same route. Another family of dogs would be the Bichon breeds, which evolved in a similar manner.

It was in the 17th and 18th centuries that these spaniels became quite popular with the upper echelon throughout England and Europe. In the Royal palaces, it was commonplace for spaniel-type dogs to be found in great numbers as companion animals. Curiously, we know from history that the Chinese were doing the same with a breed referred to today as the Pekingese.

The European dogs were managed in great numbers and interbred to form families of spaniel breeds. During the time of Mary Queen of Scots, and followed by the reigns of Charles I and Charles II, the solidifying of the King Charles Spaniel type began through careful selection for a round body, high dome, solid bone, and, of course, a merry temperament.

The royal court was filled with spaniels, and there they were favored as companion lapdogs which would also provide some health benefits. (Gathering lice and fleas away from, and off of, people resulted in medicinal advantages.)

At that point, these spaniel breeds, if you could call them “breeds,” were beginning to form. Dogs were selected for breeding based on characteristics that we know define the breed today. There became a movement to fine-tune an aesthetic that was appealing to a particular breeder or fancier or kennel. And so, divides started taking place that were based on the breed properties which define them; for example, with the King Charles, an interest in shortening the muzzle and rounding the topskull to make it what we have today; a breed with a flatter face and a high dome as this was encouraged because Queen Victoria was very interested in, and influenced by, the Orient.

There were, however, many influences from different regions happening at that time. There was a true cultural exchange happening beyond just the dogs. There was a great deal of influence on European Courts from the Orient in the form of fabrics, home furnishings, foods, and spices. The riches of the Far East were extremely desirable. Palaces were filled with prizes from the Orient. Queen Victoria was so interested in the aesthetic of the flatter faces on her spaniels that breeds such as the Pug and Pekingese began to be incorporated. Dogs brought to her court from Asia were referred to as the Japanese Spaniel, which was the precursor to the Japanese Chin. Those crosses resulted in moving the nose placement of the King Charles breed higher, with the dome higher and rounder than the sister-breed which would be developed much later and become the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel.

Keep in mind, many other breeds were being developed using the same root stock. Brussels Griffons, Papillion, Pug, Pekingese, and Chin were all part of an early-stage “toy breed” or spaniel type, whose development came about over time and location. These breeds share similar body shape as well as ribs, muscle, and character. The individual breed-specific qualities would eventually vary, as would coat type and texture, oftentimes based on the regional climate.

So, during the late 19th century, definitions of individual “breeds” began taking hold. The selective breeding that took place is really what’s responsible for the shortening of the muzzle on the King Charles Spaniel and dividing the breed into the four distinct colors. From that point on, the breed has essentially remained stable, with very few changes introduced to its make and shape.

This summary is a rather basic history of what I call the Toy Spaniel Divide, and the reason for bringing it up is to acknowledge that other breed qualities may be seen shining through in examples of the early English Toys depicted in various art forms. And truth be told, you will also see them in the whelping box today. Breeders are constantly fighting the genetic predisposition to go back to something that once was there; muzzle length, higher ears, and longer bodies. Genetically, these qualities are always there, so no matter which breed you judge, or which breed you breed, you’re constantly fighting these tendencies, which are called the “drag” on a breed.

So, you will see that breeds are constantly evolving. Working to retain the breed-specific differences called for in each Breed Standard requires that those defining traits remain unique and distinct. But as with many breeds, it is very difficult to retain and keep those breed-specific qualities you want in the breed. This is the challenge of any kennel.

Today, you will find many examples of the English Toy breed thriving, with bright, merry temperaments, sound in both mind and body. This is a breed that can run and keep up with the younger, newer model: the Cavalier. Judges should be mindful of overall quality. Judge them with the proper mindset, and do not be forgiving of poor behavior just because they are limited in entry numbers. They must always show with enthusiasm. They should all be sound on four legs, having been plagued with knee problems for so long. They must be round in ribbing, as a good spaniel should always be, and have strong, dense boning. They should never be slab-sided, nor too long. Ears are to be set low and at eye level. The nose is to be set up nearly between the eyes, with a prominent upturn to the underjaw without excessive undershot occlusion. They are to remain toy-sized, but they must not be slight of bone and body.

Enjoy this lovely little breed. Know that it is in good hands today, with much quality being preserved by breeders with skill and knowledge. There is a global community of breeders advancing the breed, sharing and exchanging breeding stock. The state of the breed is strong, as many new and fresh faces are being introduced to this charming toy spaniel.

I f a pair of Salukis were the dogs on Noah’s ark, surely those sighthounds (and the aardvarks, armadillos, and anteaters) were safely ushered onboard by a reliable herding dog or two. Who better to lead all of Mother Nature’s creatures to safety than one of the supremely capable breeds of Herding Group? Perhaps it was the Canaan Dog that organized the menagerie, but others certainly could have done so just as reliably—if antiquity’s most famous boat had been built in the Scottish Highlands or the Australian Outback. For wherever there’s a need to move large groups of animals en masse, there’s a hardworking herding dog ready (and able) to take up the charge.

In honor of the purebred dogs that have allowed human civilizations to flourish in unique environments and diverse civilizations around the world, the following excerpt from The Dog, authored by James Dickie and published in 1933 by the J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, is reprinted here, in part, to demonstrate the important contributions made by herding dogs throughout the course of human history.

“Job referred to the ‘dogs of his flock,’ and Homer waxed lyrical thus:

Th’ unwearied watch their listening leader keep And, couching close, repel invading sleep, So faithful dogs their fleecy charge maintain… What Job’s dogs did is not clear:

But now they who are younger than I have me in decision, whose fathers I would have disdained to set with the dogs of my flock. Job’s mastery of picturesque opprobrium is fortunate in that it proves the existence of sheep-dogs in very early days.

It seems fairly certain, however, that Job’s dogs, like those mentioned by Homer, were used for guarding sheep rather than for rounding them up and driving them.

In Tibet, large black and tan dogs, like mastiffs, are used for this purpose; in the Pyrenees a large dog, not unlike a St. Bernard but much more hairy, guards the flocks. The Russians keep sheep-dogs for the same purpose as do shepherds in every country where carnivora large enough to tackle sheep exist.

It is certain that man owned dogs and used them for hunting before he learnt to grow crops, and it would appear that the dog was the first animal to be domesticated.

As soon as his master possessed flocks and herds, the dog would naturally help to guard them, thus the sheep-dog may claim to be the second oldest type of dog, the oldest being the hunting dog, which was the friend and assistant of man in those dim days when, himself hunted by animals, bigger and stronger than himself, he lived by hunting.

The first duty of the first sheep-dogs was to guard the flocks from attack… It is clear that the sheep-dog was always privileged, as he is today, for the working sheep-dog pays no tax.

Presumably, the arts of driving and rounding up sheep gradually developed as the dogs’ masters needed such assistance, and the dogs came to understand what was desired of them. It is noticeable, however, that these arts are most highly developed where the question of defending the sheep from attack is of least account. A Tibetan or Pyrenean sheep-dog would make a poor show at such work next to a dog from anywhere in Britain. It is stated, however, that Russian sheep-dogs do the double job well.

Thus, sheep-dogs have developed differently in various countries and localities. The Shetland sheep-dog is tiny; he must be agile, and he has nothing to fight. In countries where guarding is the chief function the sheep-dog is big and powerful. Where active sheep may have to be collected from a far-away mountain face, but where no wild beast threatens, we find a smallish, fast-moving dog, the British working collie. In districts where the country is enclosed and where pace is unnecessary we find the British bobtail.”

Through the articles and interviews assembled in this issue, SHOWSIGHT has endeavored to celebrate the ancient and adventurous dogs of the Herding Group through the words of the breeders, judges, and exhibitors who know them best. We hope you enjoy!

P hotographs are not perfect reproductions of their original subjects. Instead, they are reflections, really, light that has been captured to tell stories that begin, “Once upon a time…” For admirers of purebred dogs, photos can tell particularly insightful tales, especially the images that have had many decades to mature. The stories they tell reflect their breeders’ knowledge and abilities, and they demonstrate how far things have come. Occasionally, they remind us how far we have yet to go.

This collection of photos appeared in The Complete Dog Book (New and Revised Edition), 1941. At 736 pages, this Official Publication of the American Kennel Club introduced each of the breeds then recognized by the registry to a public that was clamoring to welcome a purebred dog into the home—and readers wanted to picture the possibilities. As the book’s preface states: “It was felt that each breed should be represented or pictured by illustration. Sketches of the ideal dog of each breed were suggested. After careful deliberation of the subject, it was decided this would be unwise as it would mean presenting only the artist’s conception of the ideal type, which might very possibly not conform with that of the majority interested in that particular breed.” Dog people, it seems, have always had strong opinions about their breeds.

In any event, The New Complete Dog Book has always included both photographs and illustrations in each of its 22 editions. Every image published reflects a breed at a specific time in its history, and each tells part of a breed’s story. The other part is left to the viewer’s interpretation and imagination. So, as you view this sampling of images, we hope you enjoy imagining what these dogs were like and how they might compare with their counterparts in the show ring today.

T he poem that follows, by English poet laureate William Wordsworth, honors the devotion of a shepherd’s dog whose master met an untimely death. It was originally published in 1807 in Poems, in Two Volumes, and is reprinted here from John Richard Stephens’ The Dog Lover’s Literary Companion, which was published in 1992 by Prima Publishing, Rocklin, California.

“The young man whose death gave occasion to this poem was named Charles Gough, and had come early in the spring to Patterdale for the sake of angling. While attempting to cross over Helvellyn to Grasmere, he slipped from a steep part of the rock where the ice was not thawed, and perished. His body was discovered as is told in this poem. Walter Scott heard of the accident, and both he and I, without either of us knowing that the other had taken up the subject, each wrote a poem in admiration of the dog’s fidelity, his contains a most beautiful stanza:

How long didst thou think that his silence was slumber? When the wind waved his garment, how oft didst thou start?

I will add that the sentiment in the last four lines of the last stanza in my verses was uttered by a shepherd with such exactness, that a traveler, who afterwards reported his account in print, was induced to question the man whether he had read them, which he had not.” —William Wordsworth

A barking sound the Shepherd hears

The Dog is not a mountain breed;

It was a cove, a huge recess,

There sometimes doth a leaping fish

Not free from boding thoughts, a while

From those abrupt and perilous rocks

But here a wonder, for whose sake

Yes, proof was plain that, since the day

How nourished here through such long time

T he Appenzeller Sennenhund hails from the Appenzell region of Switzerland. “Senn” translates to “Alpine herdsman” or “Alpine dairyman.” The name itself is indicative of the breed’s innate instincts to herd!

Known for their hard-working nature, the Appenzeller Sennenhund was traditionally used by the Alpine cattle-herders and dairymen of the Appenzell region of Switzerland both to herd cattle and to serve as guard dogs. They are well-suited to herding due to innate herding instincts and their agility, intelligence, and physical capabilities. Even today, the Appenzeller is used on farms to herd cattle in and out. More commonly, they are found in the Agility, Obedience, or Rally ring.

Cattle dogs are used for driving large numbers of cattle. The method of driving can vary depending on the intended purpose. Many cattle dogs use their own movement, barking, and targeted bites (grip/nip) to drive the livestock forward. Appenzellers use their high-pitched, sharp voice to move stock. Other typical cattle dogs are the Entlebucher Sennenhund and Australian Cattle Dog.

Appenzellers are one of four Swiss mountain dog breeds and are often confused with other Swiss breeds. They are rarely seen in North America and it’s understandable that many people think they are a cross between a Bernese Mountain Dog and another breed—that may not even be Swiss! It’s not just appearance that separates the Appenzeller from other Sennen breeds; understanding temperament differences is very important. The Appenzeller is no short-haired Bernese!

Characteristics that distinguish the Appenzeller include:

• The high tail set, the so-called post horn, curled tightly over his back when in motion, is unique to the breed.

• The proportion of the Appenzeller is slightly longer than tall.

• Spitz influence is suspected in the heritage of the Appenzeller, with his tail set and energy level.

• The Appenzeller Sennenhund has a more refined head and body than those of his Swiss cousins and is clearly defined as a breed that is quite distinct from the other Swiss Cattledogs.

• Color variations within the breed include tri-colored (base color with rust and white markings), with a base color of black or Havana Brown.

• Appenzellers have been recognized in Europe for over 100 years. The Havana Brown has been internationally recognized as a color since 1983.

Most importantly, this lively, high-spirited, self-assured dog is not a breed for the casual or first-time dog owner. They have strong guardian tendencies, and early socialization is required for this highly intelligent dog; they can be aloof with strangers and require consistent and intelligent training.

Due to their genetic predisposition, many cattle dogs find it easy to move livestock forward. This trait is highly valued in stable and pasture-based livestock farming and facilitates transitions between stables and pastures even at an early stage of training.

Training usually begins with sheep, although cattle dogs later work primarily with cattle. Sheep have a strong herding instinct and are therefore easier to guide, and young dogs, which often have a very high level of drive, can be better controlled this way. As their name suggests, cattle dogs have the predisposition to drive, but not to bring livestock back from the pasture.

“The duties of the Appenzell Mountain dog are originally to tend and drive the livestock. Furthermore, the guard and protection have as well always been his part of this breed’s duty.” – Cornelia Biedermann, President of the Swiss Appenzell Mountain Dog Association

Paula Webber lives on Vancouver Island and has been showing and trialing her Appenzeller Sennenhundes for over 20 years. Paula discovered the joy and endearment of this magnificent breed while residing in Whitehorse, Yukon, after living with her first Swiss breed, a Bernese Mountain Dog. She fell in love with the Swiss breeds and acquired her first Appenzeller in 2002. “Astro” was a brilliant Performance dog, and over 15-plus years, earned many titles in Obedience, Agility, Flyball, and Schutzhund. He was the first of his breed to win a title in any dog sport in North America.

Paula acquired her second Appenzeller, “Hektor,” in 2014. She had relocated to Vancouver Island by then, and ventured into the Conformation ring with him as a puppy. As a rare breed, showing in Canada was not an option at the time, and so she showed in AKC (American Kennel Club), UKC (United Kennel Club) and IABCA (International All Breed Canine Association) shows in the US. He was awarded his National and International Championships in his first outing. Thus, her evolution into the show, performance, and breeding world grew, and now, after years of hard work, the Appenzeller Sennenhund is a listed breed with the CKC (Canadian Kennel Club). “Bri,” Hek’s daughter, came into Paula’s life in 2018. While she enjoyed the Conformation ring, Bri really shone in Obedience, Rally, and Scent Work. She was a rising star! Tragically, she was lost to a serious illness in 2024. Paula has been involved with the national breed club, the AMDCA (Appenzell Mountain Dog Club of America), for many years, serving as Vice President as well as taking on public education, and now, Director for Western Canada. She is also a Rally Obedience Judge in Canada and teaches Rally for her local dog club. Paula continues her involvement with the breed club and as an ambassador for the Appenzeller Sennenhund with her boy, Hek. She has many miles yet to travel and hopefully another litter or two in her future!

T he Modern Dog Encyclopedia was published in 1949 by Stackpole and Heck, Inc. for Brown & Bigelow, edited by Henry P. Davis. The section on the German Shepherd Dog is reprinted here, in part, for the benefit of contemporary breeders, exhibitors, and judges.

It should be understood that, following the Franco-Prussian war, that is, about 1880, Europeans developed an extraordinary interest in dog shows, and at the same time, a passion for sheep dogs. Each small market district had its own variety of sheep, cattle, and drover’s dogs.

But the days of their greatest use were coming to an end. The railroad was making cattle driving unnecessary. Ranges were being fenced. The wolves were gone from the mountain slopes. Population pressures were making intensive livestock raising in relatively restricted areas necessary.

The sportsmen of that day were looking for dogs with which they might enter the new sport of dog showing. They looked for the outlandish; for dogs which could be promoted; and finally, for dogs of beauty. But they realized suddenly too, that the shepherd dog, with his amazing and almost human abilities, was a part of a fast vanishing past.

The Germans began to seek means of perpetuating these sheep and cattle dogs. And they also casted about for a means of utilizing the abilities of the dogs. So the first attempts at training dogs for police and war work began to be made.

This would appear to be the true background of the shepherd dogs of all of Europe. For the Dutch, the Belgians, and the French began to improve and fix the types of their breeds, almost at the same time. To a certain extent, so did the Swiss, the Hungarians, Spaniards, Italians, and Austrians. The Germans, in some cases, helped the others, particularly the Kuvasz, Komondor, and Puli.

We can start the first real history of the German Shepherd, as distinct from other shepherds, in 1891. That year, the Phylax Society was founded to sponsor the breed. Two men, Captain Reichelmann-Dunau, and Graf von Hahn, were dominant in it. Others were Herr Wachsmuth and Herr Sparwasser, who liked “fancy dogs.”

This society died in 1894. It collapsed because of an argument which was raged in every specialty club devoted to working or sporting dogs which has been founded since. One group wanted to breed exclusively for herding, driving, and protection instincts. The other wanted to fix the type until the German Shepherd would be a thing of beauty unequaled in the world.

In 1896, the European dog fancy was fairly electrified when Dr. Gerland of Hildesheim introduced trained police dogs. Gerland’s work had followed that of another Hildesheimer, Captain Schoenherr who, in 1886, had used dogs to clear up disorders which the police had not been able to handle. Captain Schoenherr later became the head of the Prussian Government Breeding and Instruction School of Service Dogs at Grunheide.

The fact that these rapidly-vanishing shepherd dogs could be at once a thing of beauty and a police or war dog lent point to the efforts of German fanciers to save their shepherd dogs. They went to work with vast enthusiasm.

Now the great shepherd dog areas of Germany were in Wurttemberg, alongside Switzerland and the Alps; Bavaria on the Czech border, and more particularly that part called Swabia; and Thuringia, in Central Germany. The dogs of these areas varied in coat, size—ranging from 21 to 28 inches at the shoulder—tail carriage, ear carriage, etc.

According to von Stephanitz himself, the Thuringian shepherd was used to get erect ears. The Wurttemberg dogs had “lopped ears,” but had reliability of tail carriage. Finally, a big Swabian working dog was added.

This brings us to the next important date—1899. In that year the “Der Verein fur Deutsche Schaferhunde” (Society for the Promotion of the Breeding of German Shepherd Dogs) was founded. Captain Max von Stephanitz was its head from April 22, 1899, until July 1, 1935. He was a breeding genius, and he ruled the organization with an iron, if benevolent, hand.

It was von Stephanitz himself who added in the Swabian dog, Audifax von Grafath. He was “pitch forked into the breed as an absolute outsider. It was about that time—1902—a necessary attempt [was made] to give a broader basis to the breed. A big, mighty fellow, with excellent dorsal muscles and a correspondingly swift gait, Audifax certainly transmitted these good qualities and often, his somewhat over-developed head as well.” Those were von Stephanitz’s words.

Thus, it might be said that the German Shepherd gets its erect ears and wolf-gray color from the Thuringian; his tail carriage and other colors from the Wurttemberg; and his size, great strength of back, and gait from the Swabian.

Pictures of some of these dogs are still extant. They were a weedy lot, though some of them were beginning to look like German Shepherds. Their mixed origin, however, produced several varieties. Thus, in 1915, Mason reported there were three coat varieties.

He listed them as (1) Smooth; (2) Long haired, wavy, but hard, with the hair partially covering the eyes; and (3) Wire haired, with beard and tuft over the eye brows.

According to Elliot Humphrey of The Seeing Eye, there were 450 police stations using dogs in Germany as early as 1910. Most of these dogs were German Shepherds. By the end of World War I, 48,000 dogs were in German Army service, plus countless others in civilian police work. Most of these, too, were German Shepherds, although the war and police service must be given credit for rescuing a number of other breeds from extinction.

Still, the battle between the working Shepherd owners and the show fanciers continued. Humphrey says that the last whelping to produce both show and work[ing] winners was in 1909. After that, the German Shepherd became primarily a show dog until Obedience trials made possible the working and showing of the same dog at the same show.

The Germans then began an intensive breeding program to fix type. They created a modern miracle, and yet they sowed the seeds for what later became a disaster to the breed. For somewhere, shyness crept in. It did not appear so often in Germany, at least at first, but it played havoc with foreign breeders who did not understand what they were up against. However, the results of this did not show up until much later.

Some of the dogs which were considered pillars of the breed before 1909 were: Tell v d Kriminalpolizi; Luchs von Kalsmundt-Wetzler; Beowulf; Hettel Uckermark; Roland v Starkenberg; Dewelt Barbarosso; Garf Eberhard von Hohen Esp; Horrand von Grafath; and Hektor von Schwaben.

The latter was German Grand Champion in 1901. There is a good picture of him extant, so that it is possible to compare him with dogs of each of the following decades. In something less than 20 years, the modern German Shepherd was created from dogs such as Hektor.

1. Please tell us a little bit about yourself. Where do you live? How many years in dogs? How many years as a breeder? What is your kennel name?

2. What are the hallmarks of your breed and why are they important for maintaining breed type?

3. In your opinion, are there enough puppy homes to support breeding a litter this year?

4. How have you implemented new technologies in science and communications as a breeder? 

5. In your community, have you noticed a change in the public’s perception of purebred dogs?

6. Have you noticed any trends in the sport? Anything to be concerned about?

7. What are some of the positive changes you’ve seen in the sport in recent years?

1. My name is Fernando Andrade, and I am from Brazil. I have been a breeder since 2005, when I also started veterinary college. Now I have 20 years in Border Collies. Initially, my dogs were working herding dogs, not for show. My kennel name is FMA.

2. In my opinion, the study of bloodlines is very important to understanding how that dog will be in the future. Sometimes a good puppy will not develop into a good dog, but a puppy with a good bloodline, and good selection, can be more predictable.

Typically, I really like dogs with good movement, so all of my selections are dogs with good shoulders and correct tails on the move.

3. Yes, sure! People seek me out in my country, normally for a pet home.

4. I really believe the most important thing for a breeder is studying and understanding what is happening around the breeders’ world.

I’ll try to give one example. Some years ago, I traveled to Europe to bring a dog back and there was talk about glaucoma in Border Collies; at the time, nobody in Brazil knew about it. So, I let the breeders know about it, and I started to test my dogs.

It’s very important to study and understand everything about the dogs you are breeding.

It’s also very important that experienced breeders give support to young breeders! My dear friend, Karen Marquardt, is a very experienced breeder who has taught me so much!

5. I think the good breeder is viewed as responsible and ethical, with respect for all.

6. I really believe in dogs that can compete in Conformation and participate in Performance sports, so my focus with my dogs is on showing, as well as working with my goats.

7. In my country, the sport is growing and there are more people involved every day. This is important for both the dogs and their owners.

1. Please tell us a little bit about yourself. Where do you live? How many years in dogs? How many years as a breeder? What is your kennel name?

2. What are the hallmarks of your breed and why are they important for maintaining breed type?

3. In your opinion, are there enough puppy homes to support breeding a litter this year?

4. How have you implemented new technologies in science and communications as a breeder? 

5. In your community, have you noticed a change in the public’s perception of purebred dogs?

6. Have you noticed any trends in the sport? Anything to be concerned about?

7. What are some of the positive changes you’ve seen in the sport in recent years?

1. I’ve been showing and breeding for 20 years under the name Eclipse. I bred GSDs (German Shepherd Dog) first and now Berger Picards. We’re located outside Minneapolis, Minnesota.

2. We need to have griffonage (bangs and a beard), prick ears, big black noses, a rustic wiry coat, and a “J” hook tail. That’s what makes a Picard, a Picard.

3. Yes, I’ve had no problems finding homes, and we always have a waitlist.

4. I do whatever health testing I can and run a Facebook page where breeders can share health concerns. It’s unfortunate that most folks are not open about what they’re seeing in their lines. I tell all, as I feel it’s important. As breeders, we can learn from one another.

5. Doodles are the rage, which is sad as they’re mutts bred by people for money.

6. Dysfunctional parent clubs seem to be a trend. The AKC (American Kennel Club) needs to become more involved to make sure they’re running appropriately. I know so many wonderful folks who won’t become, or aren’t allowed to be, members of their parent club. The Internet and club politics have made them pretty irrelevant. The clubs need members more than people need the club.

7. Honestly, I can’t think of one. I think dwindling numbers are showing we’re not going in the right direction.

1. Please tell us a little bit about yourself. Where do you live? How many years in dogs? How many years as a breeder? What is your kennel name?

2. What are the hallmarks of your breed and why are they important for maintaining breed type?

3. In your opinion, are there enough puppy homes to support breeding a litter this year?

4. How have you implemented new technologies in science and communications as a breeder?

5. In your community, have you noticed a change in the public’s perception of purebred dogs?

6. Have you noticed any trends in the sport? Anything to be concerned about?

7. What are some of the positive changes you’ve seen in the sport in recent years?

1. My name is Callie Bell, and I began breeding and showing Border Collies in 1994 in my hometown of Long Beach, California, when they were recognized by the AKC (American Kennel Club). In 2021, I relocated to Sylvania, Georgia, where I now have lovely amounts of grass, trees, shade, and space for my beautiful dogs. My kennel name is Shorewind Border Collies, which pays tribute to the two kennels that gave me my start.

2. Border Collies are a highly intelligent breed known for their unique style and keen herding instinct. They have a different body type from other herding breeds, which when working, allows them to creep across the ground much like a cat stalking a bird. This requires the dog to have a good shoulder layback, an upper arm with good return and length, and generous space between the shoulder blades at the withers. This generous amount of space between the shoulder blades is necessary for the dog to lower its front end while working.

3. Boy, this is a tricky question. I think there would be plenty of great homes if puppies would only be brought into this world by responsible and purposeful breeders. My recommendation would be to have a list of homes prior to a breeding.

4. The science of DNA testing has been such a beneficial tool for breeding healthier dogs. It allows us to make more informed choices when planning future generations. While not necessarily new, science has benefited breeders with technology such as frozen semen and progesterone testing. This has allowed more opportunities to breeders and provides important data required for successful breedings.

Oh, the amazing world of the Internet and social media, where it is so easy now to connect with breeders throughout the world, learn from them, and have like-minded conversations about our breed! Some nice features (although not that new) are online entries, show results, and catalogs that many superintendents are incorporating now. As a breeder, I enjoy keeping track of dogs I have bred.

5. Yes, I feel there is a movement in the general public towards purebred dogs in my community. I am receiving more inquiries from families who have, or have had, a mixed breed dog but are looking for the predictable traits found in a purebred.

6. St. John’s suits, Kangaroo beaded leads, Best in Show trolleys, big hair, big attitudes, and big money are still the trendsetters of the sport. Everyone is there to present their dog to the judge; professional handlers, owner handlers, and breeders. We are all hoping to win the opinion of the judge, some points, and hopefully have a bit of fun along the way. The concern I have is for the breeders. Most of us are dedicated to our breed’s future, breeding forward, staying home, raising litters. We do not have the time or (normally) the cash flow to campaign a dog. If we are fortunate, we are able to place one of our best puppies in a home that is able to promote them. Breeders are the unsung heroes.

7. I feel the AKC is trying to engage more participation by offering introduction titles such as AKC S.T.A.R. Puppy and AKC Fetch. I am hopeful this will encourage puppy buyers and purebred dog owners to have a more interactive lifestyle with their dogs. Dogs increasingly are becoming a bigger part of their family’s day-to-day lives. Why not your workout buddy or hobby partner, too? The AKC seems to offer something for everyone!

1. Please tell us a little bit about yourself. Where do you live? How many years in dogs? How many years as a breeder? What is your kennel name?

2. What are the hallmarks of your breed and why are they important for maintaining breed type?

3. In your opinion, are there enough puppy homes to support breeding a litter this year?

4. How have you implemented new technologies in science and communications as a breeder?

5. In your community, have you noticed a change in the public’s perception of purebred dogs?

6. Have you noticed any trends in the sport? Anything to be concerned about?

7. What are some of the positive changes you’ve seen in the sport in recent years?

1. My name is Robyn Cosenza and I’ve been living in Central Florida for almost 10 years now, but I originally hail from Central Connecticut. My family has a history with dogs; my dad and grandfather raised and bred Champion German Shepherd Dogs, and I grew up with a Shetland Sheepdog. I have had Belgian Tervuren for 17 years and the first of several litters, under the CoKo Belgian Tervuren Kennel name, was born in 2013.

2. In my opinion, the Tervuren is a dog of unique beauty. When you see the silhouette of a Belgian, it cannot be denied. Length of neck, head carriage, and standing firm on all fours all contribute to the square, medium-sized breed that they are.

While they are sometimes described as aloof, I find them to be very alert and watchful of their surroundings, and they can be quite focused. They have a need to work.

All of these characteristics are central for their original purpose, guarding and moving farmers’ flocks of sheep, and are just as important today, especially given the various roles we ask them to play.

3. When evaluating potential homes for our puppies, the type of home we’re looking for significantly influences availability. I believe there are more companion homes available than show or breeding homes at this time.

4. While I have had my dog’s DNA tested, I’ve found that the limited adoption of this practice by others in the breeding community makes it challenging to fully leverage the newer scientific technologies available to us. It’s comparable to checking the air pressure on only two tires of a car and neglecting the other two.

For my last three litters, artificial insemination was used for conception, with the most recent two utilizing frozen semen imported from Europe. My aim is to incorporate more genetically diverse dogs into my breeding program. This is particularly relevant given that, in other countries, the Belgian Tervuren is considered a variety rather than a distinct breed, allowing them to be bred with the other three varieties (Belgian Malinois, Groenendael [also known as the Belgian Sheepdog], and Laekenois). This is not permissible here in the US.

I believe that broader adoption of DNA testing could greatly benefit our breeding practices by providing a more comprehensive understanding of our dogs’ genetic makeup.

5. Unfortunately, based on what I’ve seen in the media and in discussions, it seems that the prevailing public opinion still favors adopting dogs rather than purchasing from a responsible breeder. I believe changing the public’s perception of purebred dogs will continue to be an uphill battle.

6. I’ve noticed that if there are three similar-looking dogs in the ring alongside two that are different, the similar dogs tend to place, even if they don’t conform to the correct Breed Standard as well as the other two. Judges should revisit their education of the Standard to ensure they can recognize the dogs that conform to it versus those that look alike, then, must be correct.

I believe the sport as a whole needs to be reevaluated. I’m not sure what that would entail, but with everything around us changing, this sport should also adapt to ensure its future.

7. I believe the recent changes in Junior Showmanship will be instrumental in attracting younger participants to the sport. This is a vital step to the sports’ continued growth and success. We should continue to explore ways to support our Junior exhibitors, to ensure their continued engagement and development in the sport.

1. Please tell us a little bit about yourself. Where do you live? How many years in dogs? How many years as a breeder? What is your kennel name?

2. What are the hallmarks of your breed and why are they important for maintaining breed type?

3. In your opinion, are there enough puppy homes to support breeding a litter this year?

4. How have you implemented new technologies in science and communications as a breeder?

5. In your community, have you noticed a change in the public’s perception of purebred dogs?

6. Have you noticed any trends in the sport? Anything to be concerned about?

7. What are some of the positive changes you’ve seen in the sport in recent years?

1. We are Cynthia Dodson and David Golden of Revelation Knaani Canaan Dogs. We and our dogs live on nine acres in the Virginia horse country west of Washington, D.C. We have lived with and loved Canaan Dogs for 27 years, and we have been breeding them for the past decade.

2. Because the Canaan Dog is one of the most ancient of breeds that developed naturally thousands of years ago, it does not have hallmarks, or unique distinctive features, in the same manner as breeds purposely bred by man. Instead, the Canaan Dog’s hallmark, if you can call it that, is as “The Natural Dog.” A dog developed by nature, not by man. Therefore, many other breeds have as hallmarks characteristics that are inherent in the Canaan Dog, such as a strong, medium-sized square body, level topline with a slight arch over the loin, curled brushy tail, wedge-shaped head with low-set erect ears, double coat, and moderate angulation resulting in an efficient, ground-covering trot. They are naturally alert, inquisitive, and watchful. Being The Natural Dog does not mean, however, that they are boring or plain. A good Canaan Dog is (and this might be a catchier hallmark) Elegance in Simplicity.

3. Yes, there are not many Canaan Dog breeders, and litter sizes are relatively small. That is why in 2024 the Canaan Dog was the 195th least popular breed, based on AKC (American Kennel Club) registrations. Notwithstanding this, Canaan Dog owners tend to be fiercely loyal, and many end up with multiple Canaans over their lifetimes. In addition, the breed’s fascinating origins and history attract enough new families to ensure that we always have plenty of wonderful homes for our puppies.

4. Our potential breeding animals, of course, undergo the basic health screening tests required by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) in order to obtain Canine Health Information Center (CHIC) numbers, in addition to certain other tests we have determined to be important (e.g., for degenerative myelopathy). In more recent years we have also employed broad-based, breeder-focused DNA testing. While the results can at first seem overwhelming, and some of the information can be misleading, we have found that baseline data can be very useful. That said, we also firmly believe that breeding Canaan Dogs is as much an art as a science. In making breeding decisions, we follow not just the data but the dogs too.

The true technological revolution has been in the area of communications. It is now possible to communicate quickly and inexpensively with all the stakeholders involved in a breeding, wherever they may be located. In addition, we can even quickly overcome language barriers that in the past would have delayed or even derailed cross-border breeding plans.

5. Maybe. We work very hard to get our dogs out and about to educate the public about the Canaan Dog and well-bred purebred dogs more generally. We almost always receive a positive reception, and not just at formal Meet the Breeds-type events but at street festivals, parades, farmers’ markets, schools, hospitals and rehabilitation facilities, civic meetings, local stores, and even just walking around town. The people we meet are uniformly impressed with our dogs, and they seem genuinely interested in discussing the advantages of purebred dogs.

6. We have noticed a trend away from Conformation toward other dog sports. While it appears that entries across all dog sports are trending downward, we hear of many people moving their entry money from Conformation to Fast CAT, Agility, Scent Work, etc., largely because of the perceived arbitrary and capricious nature of Conformation judging.

7. The 4-6 Month Beginner Puppy Competition has been a very positive addition to most show clusters. A family with two Canaan Dogs we bred became hooked on Conformation after we encouraged them to participate in one of these competitions, and their dogs, which they are now showing themselves, are two of the top Conformation Canaans in the country.

1. Please tell us a little bit about yourself. Where do you live? How many years in dogs? How many years as a breeder? What is your kennel name?

2. What are the hallmarks of your breed and why are they important for maintaining breed type?

3. In your opinion, are there enough puppy homes to support breeding a litter this year?

4. How have you implemented new technologies in science and communications as a breeder?

5. In your community, have you noticed a change in the public’s perception of purebred dogs?

6. Have you noticed any trends in the sport? Anything to be concerned about?

7. What are some of the positive changes you’ve seen in the sport in recent years?

1. My name is Lisa Graser. I was born and raised on a Registered Holstein dairy farm in Wisconsin. My husband, Lloyd Graser, and I now live in Eastern Tennessee, and have for 12 years. I have been in purebred dogs for 40 years. I started showing in AKC (American Kennel Club) Obedience with my Shetland Sheepdog before I started breeding; I have been breeding Shetland Sheepdogs for 32 years. Lloyd and I have finished 160 American Champions, 145 of those being homebred under the kennel name Blue Heaven. My husband and I are also both AKC Judges.

2. The hallmarks of our breed, that I feel are imperative for keeping Shetland Sheepdogs true to our Breed Standard and distinguishing it from other Herding breeds (or a generic dog), are the following (words in quotes are direct from our Breed Standard):

“Sound, agile and sturdy.” (Listed in the first paragraph of our Standard).

It is imperative to make sure these dogs are sound in body and mind to maintain the breed for the job it was bred to do. It is also important to have good bone and substance in order to be “sturdy.”

“Body should appear moderately long,” and “much of this length is actually due to the proper angulation.” Forty-five degree angulation in both front and rear is a critical component to keep our breed sound in movement and structure. It is also important to get the proper balance and proportions when evaluating the overall silhouette of our breed.

“The head should be refined and its shape, when viewed from top or side, should be a long, blunt wedge tapering slightly from ears to nose.” There will be “the presence of a slight but definite stop.”

We are very fortunate that we still have a Scale of Points in our Breed Standard. The correct head makes up 20 of the 100 points in our Standard. The correct head on a Sheltie IS BREED TYPE. Even though it does not weigh as heavily in our Standard as the Collie Standard, if we do not maintain the correct head in our breed as described in our Standard, we lose type and distinction of our Shetland Sheepdog from other breeds.

3. Absolutely. I have bred several litters this year already. I have had no problems finding great homes for all of my puppies. I will say I have a lot harder time finding good show homes that will properly care for, train, and develop a show dog for what is needed to finish an AKC Champion in our breed. So, the majority of my puppies go to wonderful pet/ Performance homes.

4. I have been running my own progesterone timing tests for over 20 years and also have owned my own ultrasound for 15 years. I have been very happy to see the constant development of genetic testing that we can perform on our dogs to be able to raise healthier puppies with fewer genetic diseases. The improvement in available genetic health testing for purebred dogs has been amazing.

5. I have seen a rise and fall. There was a big surge for mixed-breed “designer breeds” for years. I am now seeing that taper off as the public becomes more aware that many of these “mixed breeds” come with a lot of problems healthwise. I have seen an increase in the past five years of people going back to “preservation-bred” and “health-tested” purebred breeds.

6. Social media has been the downfall of our sport. It is a huge concern and ruining the sport of dog shows and the quality of the dogs we are seeing in our breeds. From “instant experts” in the breed who have learned the majority of their knowledge through Facebook, to videotaping judges and exhibitors at dog shows and using “partial truths” and “partial videos” to ruin reputations. The days of new breeders in a breed visiting kennels and actually seeing and getting their hands on dogs in person, while pursing the pedigrees of their future puppies, are gone.

7. I have found that breeders in general have been more welcoming to new people in the breed if they have put in some time and effort to meet others at shows and at Specialties/ Nationals. More long-time established breeders are willing to place a nice dog with someone than when I started in our breed in the 1990s. With the advent of social media, it has been easier in our sport to obtain information on educational opportunities. I see a lot more learning opportunities in our sport, both at shows and through online education, in recent years.

1. Please tell us a little bit about yourself. Where do you live? How many years in dogs? How many years as a breeder? What is your kennel name?

2. What are the hallmarks of your breed and why are they important for maintaining breed type?

3. In your opinion, are there enough puppy homes to support breeding a litter this year?

4. How have you implemented new technologies in science and communications as a breeder? 

5. In your community, have you noticed a change in the public’s perception of purebred dogs?

6. Have you noticed any trends in the sport? Anything to be concerned about?

7. What are some of the positive changes you’ve seen in the sport in recent years?

1. My name is Linda Hash-Davis. I got my first Collie from a breeder when I was 16; I worked at a summer job to save for the puppy. That breeder introduced me to the world of dog shows. Along with my identical twin sister, Barbara Hash-Okeefe, we attended our first dog show 45 years ago and we were instantly sold. This was destiny, as we knew from that moment on that we wanted to breed and show Collies. We were lucky to have great mentors in those days. We decided on the kennel name “Gambit” because it means to strategize and make sacrifices for a better outcome. That summed up what breeding and showing dogs meant to us. We have lived in Southern California for most of our lives. Barbara lives 15 minutes away from me, which has allowed us to keep more dogs, have two inputs, and bounce ideas off one another. In the 45 years of breeding, we have finished over 100 Champions, won the Breed at our National three times, and have paid it forward by mentoring many newcomers to our breed. I also have a judging license for Collies.

2. The Collie is known as a head breed; one-third of our Breed Standard is devoted to the qualities of the head, eye, and expression. Judges are encouraged to feel the head, feel for smooth bones, filled skulls, and flat cheeks. Expression is a combination of correct eye placement, size, and shape. Eyes should fit into the skull as a fluid, thoughtful placement, allowing for a sweet but intelligent expression. It’s hard to teach expression; one mentor said, “You will know it’s right when you see it.” Expression is just as much a feeling you get when you gaze into the face of a Collie. The correct expression is when the combination of all the parts of the head come together properly. The expression is part of their persona. When you see the soft but alert face of a Collie it is a calming and gentle reminder of their sweet nature. This is not to say structure and movement are not as important; as a herding breed they must be able to perform their original intent. But expression makes it a Collie.

3. Although the Collie as a breed has lost some of its popularity, we still find many homes that “had a Collie growing up” and want to experience this loving relationship again, or many who have replaced a Collie with another Collie. New people to the breed often comment that their dogs are wonderful additions to their homes. They experience the sweet nature, and willingness-to-please demeanor, and express how wonderful they are to live with. Collies are known as family dogs, protectors, and loyal. If the coat is a challenge, they can find the same stable temperament in the Smooth Collie. The Collie breeders have carefully maintained their “family dog” qualities.

4. The CCA (Collie Club of America) breeders are encouraged to DNA breeding pairs. I have been thrilled to introduce this new technology and tool into my breeding program.

5. The push from the public to “Adopt, Don’t Shop” makes it unpopular to purchase purebreds. Unfortunately, many of these new owners may not have discovered the world of dog shows, as I did after purchasing my purebred. This adds to the decline of new people in the breeds.

6. I worry greatly about the decline in show entries, and breeders who devote themselves to a breed. There are many reasons, but the results are going to be the loss of genetic “lines” of dogs. More people are buying one or two dogs to show (and not breeding litters). This limits the number of dogs within each breed to perpetuate those breeds, and the choices in studs from other families.

7. I think the introduction of Grand Champion points and Owner-Handled Groups was a brilliant move on the AKC’s (American Kennel Club) part. They encourage owners to show their dogs themselves. This also encourages entries beyond finishing dogs. It gives the owner a chance to compete and have success in a different arena than the professionals. Encouraging owners to compete in other forms of dog activities, like Agility and Rally, is also a way to bring and keep people involved in our sport.

1. Please tell us a little bit about yourself. Where do you live? How many years in dogs? How many years as a breeder? What is your kennel name?

2. What are the hallmarks of your breed and why are they important for maintaining breed type?

3. In your opinion, are there enough puppy homes to support breeding a litter this year?

4. How have you implemented new technologies in science and communications as a breeder?

5. In your community, have you noticed a change in the public’s perception of purebred dogs?

6. Have you noticed any trends in the sport? Anything to be concerned about?

7. What are some of the positive changes you’ve seen in the sport in recent years?

1. I am Cynthia Holmes and my kennel name is Oakdale Shelties. I live south of Kansas City, Missouri, on 13 wooded acres. I have been involved in dogs my entire life. My mother bred and showed Boxers. I showed her Boxers in Junior Showmanship and was in a Juniors club. I always wanted a smaller breed and decided on a Shetland Sheepdog for a pet when I was in college.

I showed him in Obedience, as he was not show quality. When in law school, I purchased my first show Sheltie and bred my first litter in 1983. I have bred very selectively and kept my numbers of dogs and litters low as I had a busy law practice and was a part-time prosecutor for the City of Kansas City.

I showed my own dogs and have finished 48 champions. I have had three Register of Merit dams. I am now retired and currently have the No. 1 Sheltie out showing with a Professional Handler, Jennifer Harper. He is the epitome of breed type, and I am extremely proud of his accomplishments to date.

2. The American Shetland Sheepdog Association (ASSA) has an excellent written Breed Standard as well as an excellent Illustrated Standard. It’s not a question about head type versus correct structure, as both are extremely important to maintain breed type. The total correct Sheltie has a balanced, elegant outline, excellent structure, efficient ground-covering movement with reach and drive, a detailed head, and beautiful expression. The temperament should be intensely loyal, affectionate, and responsive to his owner, but can be reserved toward strangers.

3. Shelties are a fairly popular breed and are great family pets, so there are always plenty of homes.

4. I have used new technologies as they have come into play, such as genetic testing, progesterone testing, ultrasound, and chilled semen. From social media, I have learned new ideas and techniques in breeding, whelping, showing, grooming, health, kennel ideas, and management.

5. I haven’t really seen much change in my community.

6. There are more professionals as well as more shows. Often there are shows the same weekend that are drivable in several directions, and many four-day clusters. When I started, shows were mostly held on the weekends. If you have a full-time job, you cannot go to shows every week from Wednesday to Monday. Also, having so many shows causes the numbers entered per show to go down for points, and it makes it easier to finish a mediocre dog.

Too many Shelties are finishing as young puppies before they are fully grown and mature. Shelties often get coarse and/or go over the size limit if they finish at a young age. That is not good for the breed. When I started showing, it took 25 Shelties to make a three-point major in my area. Puppies rarely finished from the 6-9 Month Puppy class or by going Best of Winners with no competition in their sex.

7. I am fortunate to live in the Midwest where we all support each other. We have a great group of Sheltie breeders who not only help anyone in need but also welcome newcomers and provide learning experiences and mentoring.

1. Please tell us a little bit about yourself. Where do you live? How many years in dogs? How many years as a breeder? What is your kennel name?

2. What are the hallmarks of your breed and why are they important for maintaining breed type?

3. In your opinion, are there enough puppy homes to support breeding a litter this year?

4. How have you implemented new technologies in science and communications as a breeder?

5. In your community, have you noticed a change in the public’s perception of purebred dogs?

6. Have you noticed any trends in the sport? Anything to be concerned about?

7. What are some of the positive changes you’ve seen in the sport in recent years?

1. I’m Samantha Hughes, and I started breeding Australian Shepherds with my mom, Trudy Gagas, eight years ago. Our kennel name is Monarch Australian Shepherds, and we are located in Crosby, Texas, just outside of Houston, with a secondary location in Penrose, Colorado. I got my first purebred Australian Shepherd, named Dakota, during middle school, though I was focused on competing with my horses at the time and only occasionally participated in 4-H dog events. Dakota was a great dog to have on the ranch; intelligent, beautiful, and loyal. She passed away during my junior year of college, though she left a forever mark on my heart for the breed.

After finishing college, I wanted to explore not only getting an Aussie but competing with dogs as an alternative to horses. I found an excellent, reputable breeder who placed me with my first show puppy and an adult female that became the foundation of my program today. I was very fortunate to have found such established breeders who were willing to work with a newcomer and give me a chance with quality dogs. I attribute much of my success to the foundation of my program and will be forever grateful to those who took a chance on the new girl.

Coming from horses, many skills were transferable to dog breeding and sports. Since starting in dog sports eight years ago, I have bred or handled client dogs to more than 70 Conformation Championship titles. My own bred-by dogs have achieved titles in multiple venues, including Herding, Conformation, Agility, Rally, Obedience, Dock Diving, and Lure Coursing, and continue growing in their representation of the breed’s versatility. Whenever I pursue something, I am wholly committed and often pursue lofty goals. One of my biggest outstanding goals is to achieve Hall of Fame Kennel status with our parent club by ten years of involvement in dogs.

2. The Australian Shepherd is an attentive, eager-to-please dog that is very intelligent and keen. Coupled with sound movement and balance, I find this to be critical to the breed’s capability to be a versatile dog that can truly go do-it-all.

In many rings, I see soundness and balance wavering in the breed. “Long and low” is a term that I hear referenced often and have seen more frequently in the ring. The Australian Shepherd should only be slightly longer than tall. Depending on the dog, length of leg or length of loin are out of proportion on the dog relative to the Breed Standard. This usually results in some inefficiency with movement, whether a less stable topline, as the loin is not as strong, or an unbalanced stride relative to the dog. Additionally, the Australian Shepherd should have a free and easy gait that is balanced on the side. Flashy, big side gait is often rewarded in the ring, yet when observed closely or in slow-motion often has components of over-reaching or over-driving. The coming and going should converge towards a centerline as speed increases. I see a wide range of faults in down and backs competing regularly, many that would impair a dog’s ability to work without undue stress on their bodies.

To me, versatility is the hallmark of the breed, and I can’t have a high level versatility prospect that can withstand the rigor and athleticism required of a high intensity performance and stock work without soundness and intelligence. Even in just those brief moments in a Conformation ring, I still want to observe that sparkle and loyalty of the dog working for the handler, and I want to observe clean, correct movement on the side and the down and back. For me, that sparkle and that effortless, floating gait are what make an Australian Shepherd stand out as a captivating breed to watch in the ring.

3. Yes, I believe there are enough homes to support breeding a litter this year, though I know some people have struggled with placements. The Australian Shepherd is a popular breed and in demand for many families. You can find puppies for sale in a wide price range, but it is ultimately up to the reputation and quality of your program to generate the demand for your litters at your price point.

4. We try to keep up with the times for reaching more people as a breeder and communicating. Admittedly, the day to day of the dogs and attending dog shows can cause us to get a little behind on the marketing/technology front. However, we have many new, exciting things launching in the coming year for our followers, including an online membership community and, if I’m truly ambitious and brave, a podcast!

5. Unfortunately, I have noticed that people seem to care less and less about “purebred” dogs. With the rise of designer breeds, from all the doodles to micro breeds, to cross-bred bullies, the pet buyer seems to be captivated by marketing techniques and not title achievements, quality, or health.

As purebred enthusiasts, I think we fall short on marketing to the pet buyers, which the majority of our dogs go to. We spend our time focused on showing our dogs, training, traveling, etc., but we forget that there is an entire audience of people interested in dogs but completely separated from the competitive world. To capture the attention of those audiences, we need to more proactively engage with the pet market, with high-quality content that is not just educational but also entertaining. The pet person looks at that win photo and keeps on scrolling to never find you again, but they absolutely adore the goofy wiggle butt clip of an Aussie to the catchy tune. As purebred enthusiasts, we need to capture the audience first and then mix in the educational content. Eventually, we can make an impact.

6. I am not sure I would call this a trend or even anything new; however, I do notice a lot of gatekeeping in dogs. Overall, I would say it takes thick skin and a lot of grit to break into the world of dogs because people tend to be unwelcoming at events, or breeders don’t offer quality prospects to newcomers. Like I mentioned before, I was blessed with starting with a strong foundation. However, many people are not so lucky.

I’d like to see more positive engagement with people interested in the sport. At the end of the day, we need new people to keep the sport alive, and it is up to those already involved to not drive them away.

With my own program, I’m bringing more educational content to my puppy buyers to help them get started in dog sports of all kinds in a more accessible way. So much is overwhelming when getting started, and I think people shy away from that challenge, especially when they attend an event and nobody is nice to them!

Mentorship is also key, but it is a two-way street. I will engage with you as much as you engage with me. If you are new, don’t expect people to just reach out and hand-feed you information. Find the people you vibe with or admire and talk with them! I’m always surprised at how much people will actually share and enjoy teaching once you break the ice and engage with them.

7. In recent years, I’ve seen a rise in people participating in the more fun events like Fast CAT, Barn Hunt, or even getting a TKN Trick Dog or CGC (Canine Good Citizen) title. Oftentimes, us hardcore show people discount these titles, but I will say they are a gateway to doing more with your dog. I have several puppy people who started with these events and gained enough confidence and interest in other dog sports that they are now doing more Performance events like Agility or Rally.

1. Please tell us a little bit about yourself. Where do you live? How many years in dogs? How many years as a breeder? What is your kennel name?

2. What are the hallmarks of your breed and why are they important for maintaining breed type?

3. In your opinion, are there enough puppy homes to support breeding a litter this year?

4. How have you implemented new technologies in science and communications as a breeder?

5. In your community, have you noticed a change in the public’s perception of purebred dogs?

6. Have you noticed any trends in the sport? Anything to be concerned about?

7. What are some of the positive changes you’ve seen in the sport in recent years?

1. Michaelanne and I live in Colorado Springs, Colorado. We were high school sweethearts and have been married for 53 years. We have been blessed with five wonderful children who are involved in our family business of pet care, grooming, daycare, and training facilities. We have been named AKC (American Kennel Club) Breeders of the Year in 2006, Winkie Award Winner of Breeders of the Year in 2016, and recently, both Colton and Heather were named Breeders of the Year for 2024. We have been fortunate enough to be involved in a business that deals with dogs on a daily basis. I often share with my customers that if you spell “Dog” backwards, you get “God,” a beautiful reflection of the most unconditional love and loyalty one will ever experience—owning a dog.

Our first Old English Sheepdog was purchased in 1973. We obtained our first Bouvier des Flandres in 1976. We breed under the prefix of “Bugaboo” OES and “Rocheuses” Bouviers des Flandres. Both prefixes are registered through the AKC.

Today, we are proud to watch our children and grandchildren continue in our breeding programs as they exhibit the Old English Sheepdogs, Bouviers des Flandres, Havanese, Bullmastiffs, and PBGVs (Petit Basset Griffon Vendéens).

2. Our Old English Sheepdog breed has a minimum for height. Dogs are to be 22 inches and upwards and the bitches are 21 inches and upwards. Type, character, and balance are of greatest importances and are not to be sacrificed to size alone. Having an opinion about a dog being too big when there is no DQ in our Breed Standard is not the correct approach. Descriptions in our Breed Standard should not be ignored: truncated muzzle, capacious skull, amble and roll gait, pacing, textured coat, as well as our most important hallmark, the topline. The Old English Sheepdog’s topline is a distinguishing characteristic of the breed and should be gone over properly.

The Bouvier is a powerfully built, agile, bold, compact, and fearless character. The hallmarks of this breed are the head, being a square dog with a level topline, and a proper tail set. A rough appearance in its coat is desirable as well. I also like to watch the foot timing, as a balanced dog will move effortlessly.

3. Yes! We have waiting lists on our breeding programs for puppies. We generally have two litters a year.

4. Testing by parentage has helped eliminate serious issues and diseases in our breeds. Science has helped us to understand disease better and make wiser decisions in our breeding programs. “Boyfriend in a Box” and semen tanks are our main ways to bring in new blood to our breeding programs from dogs across the pond or from our Canadian friends. I believe in health testing and using it to help make responsible choices in a breeding program. However, I do not believe that breedings should be based upon testing only. We have a responsibility to help preserve the breed and its breed type.

5. In my business and community, I have seen a decline in purebred dog ownership. The majority of the pets we see are some type of mixed breed, “designer breed,” or a purposely bred doodle. I have seen them all, and with some, I have to ask myself, “How did that breeding even happen?” What I find interesting is that people feel good in “rescuing” a dog that they believe has come from a bad situation. People feel that a purebred dog is inbred, and prone to illnesses and diseases. They believe that a “mutt” is a healthier way to go as a pet for their family dog.

I want to share something that I know AKC breeders and owners do not want to hear. When a breeder sells a puppy on a “ limited registration” and has no contract with its new owners, they can use that bitch or dog in a breeding program of their own. They can be used to produce doodles, if it is not spayed or neutered. Goldendoodles have their own registries through the CKC (Continental Kennel Club), as well as the American Doodle Registry. We have to do better in education and promotion of our AKC purebred dogs.

6. I feel we have too many dog shows; many times, with the same judges.

I also see judges on a fast track to get their paperwork signed, and not really understanding the hallmarks of our breeds or the Standards.

In a Best in Show line-up (seven breed representatives), a judge is able to judge a Group winner without any experience or knowledge of its Breed Standard.

I also feel the AKC needs to do more to promote and encourage the purebred dog breeder. Today, we have almost half of our AKC recognized breeds on the low entry list. When we started showing dogs in the late 1970s and ‘80s, we always had majors and large entry numbers within our breeds. Today, we struggle to have majors, let alone single points. We have to travel great distances either to the West Coast or Midwest to obtain majors. Sometimes it’s not until a National or Regional show that we obtain major competition.

7. The involvement in our Junior Showmanship programs and competition is very positive; I believe the Juniors program is the future of the AKC and our breeding programs. Mari-Beth O’Neill, as well as other Juniors’ coordinators, have dedicated their efforts and time to promote the AKC Juniors programs. Today, we have more Juniors participation in our dog shows and reap the benefits of not only their experiences but also their friendships in the sport of purebred dogs. They also have the opportunity to earn scholarships that can be used in furthering education or trade schools. More and more clubs are holding special activities that involve educational programs, pizza parties, and ice cream socials. Make being a Junior fun!

Not everyone wants to participate in Conformation. I feel that the AKC has allowed the pet owner to be involved in other special events programs, such as Fast CAT, Carting, Barn Hunt, Trick Dog, as well as other Obedience and Performance events. More and more exhibitors are enjoying the camaraderie that these events bring.

1. Please tell us a little bit about yourself. Where do you live? How many years in dogs? How many years as a breeder? What is your kennel name?

2. What are the hallmarks of your breed and why are they important for maintaining breed type?

3. In your opinion, are there enough puppy homes to support breeding a litter this year?

4. How have you implemented new technologies in science and communications as a breeder?

5. In your community, have you noticed a change in the public’s perception of purebred dogs?

6. Have you noticed any trends in the sport? Anything to be concerned about?

7. What are some of the positive changes you’ve seen in the sport in recent years?

1. Hello! We are Mon Amie Briards. I, Gina Klang, have been breeding Briards for the last 27 years in sunny Thousand Palms, California. My daughter, KayCee Klang, picked up a show lead at the young age of five years old and has been by my side working with the dogs ever since. Together we have bred, raised, and shown multiple Best in Show, Reserve Best in Show, and Best in Specialty Show dogs, and have finished nearly 75 Champions.

2. The two most recognized hallmarks of our breed are the double dewclaws on each rear leg and the “J” or crochet tail. Both are important because they are the identifying traits of the breed.

3. For us, we generally have a wait list for puppies, and a lot of buyers are on their second and third puppies; families of multiple generations come back for their own companion. We selectively breed to improve traits on our own dogs, so we do not have more than one or two litters per year. We generally have puppy buyers before we actually have puppies on the ground. So, yes, I’d say there are enough puppy homes to support breeding a litter this year.

4. I’d say with the age we live in, where social media is at its most prevalent, it allows for us breeders to actually see more of each other’s dogs and breeding stock. We live on the West Coast where we hardly get to see other Briards outside of our own home. With an already very small gene pool, it helps to be able to see the dogs on the East Coast or even overseas. It gives us a more diverse pedigree, which allows us to be able to create or come close to the ideal Briard.

5. We have noticed a big change in the younger generation. It seems more people are being made aware of some of these rare breeds. My daughter often remarks on how the AKC’s (American Kennel Club) shorts, highlighting different breeds, are making their appearance on TikTok or even Instagram.

6. It does seem to me that there are often too many shows on any given weekend. Of course, that is fantastic for the different clubs and the exhibitors in that area. But it is concerning that with so many shows, dogs and handlers can avoid one another. It feels like we are diluting the competition. Competition pushes us breeders to bring our best and breed better dogs.

In regard to our breed, Briards, the dogs have become too long and too low, and they carry an excessive coat. The breed is supposed to be square or “slightly” off-square. Often there are no square dogs in the ring. The dogs are too long and lack leg. Coat is also something that has become a trend and is concerning to me. Let’s be honest, there is no way that the breed could do a day’s work with all that hair. The coat can also conceal many faults, so judges really need to get their hands in there and go over the dogs. Feel for structure, not just the beauty queen.

7. After having a daughter who competed in Junior Showmanship, it’s been so gratifying seeing all the praise and acknowledgment these young kids have been receiving as of late. They are the future of the sport! I also believe there is so much knowledge within the longtime handlers that these young kids should take the time to learn. Additionally, I would say that, hands down, the biggest improvement that we have seen, and breeders have worked on generationally, is temperament. Briards have come such a long way from the dogs of years past.

1. Please tell us a little bit about yourself. Where do you live? How many years in dogs? How many years as a breeder? What is your kennel name?

2. What are the hallmarks of your breed and why are they important for maintaining breed type?

3. In your opinion, are there enough puppy homes to support breeding a litter this year?

4. How have you implemented new technologies in science and communications as a breeder?

5. In your community, have you noticed a change in the public’s perception of purebred dogs?

6. Have you noticed any trends in the sport? Anything to be concerned about?

7. What are some of the positive changes you’ve seen in the sport in recent years?

1. I have been breeding dogs since I was a young child; I was involved in breeding Beagles with my father. I bought my first German Shepherd Dog when I was 16 and had my first GSD litter when I was 18. I met my husband, Chris, and he was a dog trainer; he trained my German Shepherds and started to teach me how to train dogs. We then managed Old Dominion K9 and trained police dogs in the Washington, D.C., metro area. I also bred Rottweilers for 15 years and showed them.

I lost Chris and met Larry, my current husband, and we began breeding Belgian Malinois 36 years ago. We have bred three Best in Show dogs, three Platinum Grand Champions, the only Malinois that received a Group placement at The Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show, over 300 Champions, 17 No. 1 ranked Malinois, and hundreds of Performancetitled dogs. Our registered kennel name is Broadcreek.

2. The Malinois has to have the correct square silhouette and the double coat with a harsh outer coat. They should not have a coarse German Shepherd-shaped head. They should have small, triangular ears and dark, almond-shaped eyes. They should be a rich red to mahogany color with black tips, and never be blonde. They have to have tight cat feet. And they must be substantial enough to take down a man; never spindly or small.

3. I have a waiting list, so I have a couple of litters planned this year.

4. I have started using the new AKC (American Kennel Club) DNA Kit that includes health testing, and we have been using the AKC Marketplace.

5. Yes, I see dogs placed in homes from rescues that are aggressive and have many issues. Too many people don’t understand the value in getting a puppy from well-bred Champion lines that has been socialized and health tested.

6. I am seeing a lot of straight-shouldered dogs with cow-hocked rears being bred, as well as dogs that are too small, with blonde coats, being bred. There is no test for this. Also, there are a lot of inexperienced people breeding Malinois that “rag train” them as young as four weeks old, which can make them very aggressive.

In addition, there are too many people breeding Malinois who have no property. Crating them in their houses or basements and rotating dogs out is not enough with this breed.

7. I think the NOHS (National Owner-Handled Series) competition is great, as is the BPUP (4-6 Month Beginner Puppy Competition). I wish there were more shows that offered Fast CAT and Dock Diving at the same venue.

1. Please tell us a little bit about yourself. Where do you live? How many years in dogs? How many years as a breeder? What is your kennel name?

2. What are the hallmarks of your breed and why are they important for maintaining breed type?

3. In your opinion, are there enough puppy homes to support breeding a litter this year?

4. How have you implemented new technologies in science and communications as a breeder?

5. In your community, have you noticed a change in the public’s perception of purebred dogs?

6. Have you noticed any trends in the sport? Anything to be concerned about?

7. What are some of the positive changes you’ve seen in the sport in recent years?

1. I am a second-generation Collie breeder, proudly continuing the legacy of Marnus Collies. Originally established and registered with the AKC (American Kennel Club) in 1946 by my mother, Marcia Keller, until I assumed the ownership following her passing 15 years ago. I am dedicated to preserving the quality and tradition she began, as Marnus has been active for over 79 years. We are currently based in Maryland and breed one to two carefully planned litters per year. In addition, I am an AKC licensed judge for Collies and an approved mentor.

2. Collies were originally bred for herding and as loyal farm companions, making sound movement and stable temperament essential traits. However, it is the unique head properties that truly distinguish the Collie from other herding breeds. A Collie cannot be accurately judged without a careful evaluation of its expression. Achieving the breed’s signature soft, sweet expression depends on maintaining correct head balance, eye shape, size, and set, as well as proper ear carriage—all of which are critical to preserving the breed’s classic look.

3. We are fortunate to have numerous loyal repeat puppy families and a wonderful network of breeder-friends who assist to place puppies and young adults into great homes.

4. We do utilize some social media sites to announce litters arriving, up-and-comers, or just showing our Collies being valued family members. Improvements in available health testing and reproductive testing have also enhanced breeding options.

5. As a breeder, we fantasize about the public fully recognizing the value of knowing the well-bred dog’s history and our devotion to preserving the breed. I encourage potential owners to visit the kennel and interact with the dogs prior to adding a dog to their home. This often better illustrates the difference, as they get to know the entire family behind their new addition and there are no surprises.

6. I am concerned about the number of shows available and how it has diluted the competition and judge selection, and introduced more mediocre Champions that will not enhance the bloodlines in the future. I want to compete against the best and elevate my goals and breeding programs. Even our Specialty clubs are struggling, as members are aging out and new membership is not increasing at a similar rate. Smaller clubs are folding, and the Specialty clubs gave us greater opportunities to mentor newer enthusiasts.

7. The addition of the NOHS (National Owner-Handled Series) has encouraged some to continue to exhibit their beautiful representations of the breed, which has increased exposure to the breed. It is now easier to find fun activities to safely do with your dog and find evaluators. And as stated above, health testing has become more available and encouraged. Many of my first-time puppy owners have the ability to research breeds and have more awareness of health concerns to be aware of by breed.

1. Please tell us a little bit about yourself. Where do you live? How many years in dogs? How many years as a breeder? What is your kennel name?

2. What are the hallmarks of your breed and why are they important for maintaining breed type?

3. In your opinion, are there enough puppy homes to support breeding a litter this year?

4. How have you implemented new technologies in science and communications as a breeder?

5. In your community, have you noticed a change in the public’s perception of purebred dogs?

6. Have you noticed any trends in the sport? Anything to be concerned about?

7. What are some of the positive changes you’ve seen in the sport in recent years?

1. My name is Linda Marden, and I live in a suburb of Memphis, Tennessee. I breed Finnish Lapphunds under the kennel name, Sugarok (pronounced sugar rock). Before I got involved in Lappies, I bred Samoyeds for about 20 years. I brought the initial breeding stock of Finnish Lapphunds into the United States and got them recognized by the AKC (American Kennel Club), so I have been involved in the Finnish Lapphund breed for about 35 years. I am now retired from breeding, but I’m still pretty active with the dogs. I currently live with 12 Finnish Lapphunds, mostly elderly ones, and three Pomeranians.

2. The Finnish Lapphund is a herding spitz breed. They were developed by the nomadic Saami people of the Arctic regions. While the Saami were still very nomadic, their dogs were used for hunting. As the tribe became more sedentary, their dogs were used more for herding. Others were used as camp dogs, to protect the tents, sound the alarm if strangers were around, etc. It is important to see the various talents in all dogs. A Finnish Lapphund should be eager to learn and assist his family, and be submissive to all people. Although inclined to bark, they should never be aggressive toward humans. The herds the Saami keep are reindeer, an animal that is not afraid of wolves and other predators in the Arctic regions. Reindeer are also not afraid of dogs, so Lappies herd by annoying the reindeer! They bounce around and bark, with their goal being to convince the reindeer stragglers to return to the safety and peace of the herd. Because they live in the Arctic, Lappies must have heavy, quality coats. Because they run all day, they should be soundly built.

3. Since Lappies are relatively rare, they are currently reasonably easy to place in pet homes. Good show homes can be difficult to find.

4. Essentially, all preservation breeders (of Lappies) do DNA testing to find carriers of the half dozen hereditary diseases identified in Lappies. Lappies should also be x-rayed for correct hips and elbow joints. Many breeders choose to use COI (coefficient of inbreeding) to help determine the best mating pairs. We also have some really excellent public databases. Most breeders now stay in touch with their puppy owners via social media, which is also generally used for free advertising.

5. Since I have been involved in dogs for well over 50 years, I have seen several cycles of public perception change from a preference for purebreds to a strong opinion against them. Right now, I would say many people seem to prefer crossbreeds for pets. Sadly, rescue groups have been very successful in convincing people that they are doing animals a service by adopting a stray rather than buying from a breeder. On the upside, the average pet owner now seems to be more concerned with giving their dog excellent care.

6. Thanks in large part to social media, there seems to be a lot more bullying and name calling, and people who think they can force others into behaving exactly like they want them to. They don’t seem willing to recognize that not everyone thinks exactly the same way.

7. Breeding technology has greatly improved. I could never have established the breed as well as I did if I were not able to use frozen semen shipped from Europe and Australia. Also, now, I would not even consider shipping one of my bitches to be bred to a male. It is much safer to ship fresh-chilled semen from the male.

1. Please tell us a little bit about yourself. Where do you live? How many years in dogs? How many years as a breeder? What is your kennel name?

2. What are the hallmarks of your breed and why are they important for maintaining breed type?

3. In your opinion, are there enough puppy homes to support breeding a litter this year?

4. How have you implemented new technologies in science and communications as a breeder?

5. In your community, have you noticed a change in the public’s perception of purebred dogs?

6. Have you noticed any trends in the sport? Anything to be concerned about?

7. What are some of the positive changes you’ve seen in the sport in recent years?

1. My name is Jere Marder, and I’m a breeder/owner-handler of Old English Sheepdogs. I’m presently on OESCA’s (Old English Sheepdog Club of America) Judges’ Education Committee and am the Breeders’ Education Committee Coordinator. My husband, Michael, and I moved almost 20 years ago to Valparaiso, Indiana, so we’d have more room for the dogs after living in a condominium in downtown Chicago, Illinois, for 40 years. My first bobtail, “Bridgette,” came to us in 1969 as a Christmas present from my husband. I started showing in 1977 and breeding in 1982, producing and/or owning over 20 Best in Show dogs and over 130 champions, the majority under the “Lambluv” prefix.

2. Hallmarks of any breed are of the utmost importance; otherwise, what is there to grade a breed’s quality? In relevance to Old English Sheepdogs, several key hallmarks are what make a bobtail, a bobtail. For example, specimens should be square, thickset, and compact. The topline carries a level back with a slight rise over the loin. The body should be pear-shaped, physically broader at the rear than at the point of shoulder. The 1953 Breed Standard called for 35 points out of 100 for the head, interpreting (making) the Old English Sheepdog a head breed. The head should be square, relatively flat, and broad, with a defined stop; wide-set eyes, dark brown or any shade of blue; and a fairly long, truncated muzzle with a strong underjaw. Our breed type is our Standard. The Standard’s verbiage is the blueprint for what we, as breeders, should produce and preserve. It is important to note, the hallmarks of the Old English Sheepdog should be found more appropriately through hands-on examination, NOT through a specimen’s silhouette.

3. Yes, there are still individuals who seek out responsibly bred, purebred dogs.

4. Social media has entirely changed the way we breed dogs. The new avenues of communication have opened a multitude of channels of genetics. Breeders now have access to “frozen” dogs across continents that previously may not have been as easily accessible. Our dogs now hold the ability to influence breeding programs domestically and internationally, thanks to new reproductive science. The Old English Sheepdog gene pool is not terribly large, so these advancements have aided in continuing the breed’s preservation.

5. Absolutely. Doodles have taken over a margin of society that once favored purebred dogs.

6. Old English Sheepdogs have progressively become a low-entry breed. This has made it very difficult to finish Championships. Since the introduction of the Grand Championship system, exhibitors in the breed are not buying puppies to show, but instead are continuing to show their Champion dogs to new tiers.

7. Changes or not in the sport, positivity stems from the exhibitors. It is our job as veterans of the sport to mentor and encourage new people. Our support is crucial for exhibitors who are just beginning their journey in this wonderful sport!

1. Please tell us a little bit about yourself. Where do you live? How many years in dogs? How many years as a breeder? What is your kennel name?

2. What are the hallmarks of your breed and why are they important for maintaining breed type?

3. In your opinion, are there enough puppy homes to support breeding a litter this year?

4. How have you implemented new technologies in science and communications as a breeder?

5. In your community, have you noticed a change in the public’s perception of purebred dogs?

6. Have you noticed any trends in the sport? Anything to be concerned about?

7. What are some of the positive changes you’ve seen in the sport in recent years?

1. My name is Amie McLaughlin, and I am behind Cloudpointe Norwegian Buhunds. I have been in dogs for over 20 years, beginning with 4-H. I’ve been breeding for almost 10 years. I mainly breed Buhunds, but have also had litters of Chinese Cresteds, Toy Manchester Terriers, Miniature American Shepherds, and a few others.

2. The hallmarks of the Norwegian Buhund would be the fact that it is a squarely built spitz with a lively, alert expression, tightly curled tail, and a free, easy side gait. These aspects are important in maintaining breed type because there are so many spitz breeds. The Norwegian Buhund should be distinct from the Icelandic Sheepdog, Finnish Lapphund, etc.

3. For Buhunds, I would say, yes. I don’t breed often, but when I do I like to make sure there are enough homes for show puppies and pet puppies alike. I find that when I find people who are looking for a dog and they ask about the breed, they are surprised to find out how adaptable Buhunds are.

4. Through the ease of digital communication, I have been able to export dogs to other countries more easily, which has helped the gene pool for our breed in places where they have limited options. Being able to import has also helped my program, as I have been able to bring in dogs from incredible pedigrees.

5. I’ve seen both sides of the spectrum. People are either extremely willing to look for the perfect purebred, or they have zero interest in a purebred dog and are dead set on a “doodle.” I do think the more we educate the public about purebreds, in a kind and respectful way, the more progress we make.

6. The most concerning trend I have noticed is people who are not willing to work with new people. Without new people, we won’t have people to continue the sport. Specifically, Juniors, who are the future of the sport. Treat everyone with kindness, and it will go far.

7. I’ve seen an increase of new exhibitors and Juniors in the sport, which is so important! We need more people to enjoy and participate. I strive to encourage as many new people as possible to try dog shows, and I love loaning my dogs to Juniors to experience new breeds.

1. Please tell us a little bit about yourself. Where do you live? How many years in dogs? How many years as a breeder? What is your kennel name?

2. What are the hallmarks of your breed and why are they important for maintaining breed type?

3. In your opinion, are there enough puppy homes to support breeding a litter this year?

4. How have you implemented new technologies in science and communications as a breeder? 

5. In your community, have you noticed a change in the public’s perception of purebred dogs?

6. Have you noticed any trends in the sport? Anything to be concerned about?

7. What are some of the positive changes you’ve seen in the sport in recent years?

1. I live in rural Nevada, where I run a small herding facility. After retiring from professional grooming, I purchased Cindra Grooming Products two years ago (2023) and have been proud to continue its legacy. I’ve been involved with Belgian breeds since 1998, serving as a breeder, owner, and handler throughout the years. I’ve recently been approved as an AKC (American Kennel Club) Herding Judge, which is an exciting next step in my journey with these dogs. I’ve been breeding for about 20 years under the kennel name Element, focusing on Belgian Malinois—with plans to expand into Belgian Laekenois in the near future.

2. Belgian Malinois are a breed that was built for real work, and you’ll lose everything special about them if you forget that. Hallmarks of the breed are agility, power, and drive, wrapped in a sharp, intelligent mind. You can’t overlook structure, either—a correctly built, square Malinois isn’t just pretty, it’s a very functional dog.

These dogs weren’t bred to be easy. They were bred to be exceptional.

3. That really depends on the breeder. For me, yes, because I don’t breed without a wait-list. Every placement is intentional, going to someone who understands the responsibility, the intensity, and the reward that comes with living alongside a Belgian. If you’re doing the work ahead of time and breeding with purpose, the homes are there.

That said, the breed’s recent surge in popularity hasn’t done it any favors. You can find Malinois for sale just about anywhere now, and far too many end up in rescue. It’s heartbreaking, and it’s a direct result of careless breeding and impulse buying.

4. I’ve embraced tools that make things better; DNA testing is an outstanding tool that allows us to test for genetic diseases. OFA (Orthopedic Foundation for Animals) hips, elbows, eyes, and heart are still important tests we should be doing as breeders. On the communication side, I keep in touch with puppy homes across the country via group chats, virtual check-ins, and training updates. I still trust a solid pedigree, talking to breeders personally, and getting my hands on dogs, more than I do a TikTok trend.

5. Yes, and not always for the better. There’s this growing idea that if you’re breeding dogs, you’re part of the problem. But it’s more nuanced than that. Purebred dogs with a purpose, bred by ethical, hands-on people who care about the outcome—that’s not the problem. That’s the solution. I spend a lot of time educating people about breed purpose, health testing, and what “responsible breeding” actually means.

6. Absolutely. I’ve noticed a clear shift toward valuing style over substance, and it’s becoming more obvious in the ring. There’s a growing focus on presentation instead of preservation; flashy, incorrect movement getting rewarded over proper structure, long-bodied dogs that lack true breed type, and exaggerated traits that look good in a snapshot, but don’t hold up to the Breed Standard. What’s worse is that fewer people are putting in the time to learn from mentors, from history, and from the dogs themselves.

Judges play a huge role in this. When they reward a pretty picture over correct function, or a dog with an incorrect temperament, it sends the message that optics matter more than integrity. And once that becomes the norm, we’re in trouble. Because if we lose type, temperament, and function, what’s left?

We have a responsibility—as breeders, handlers, and judges—to protect the purpose these dogs were created for. That starts with rewarding dogs that move correctly, fit the Standard, and could do the job they were bred for, whether or not they come with a slick marketing package. The dogs haven’t changed; they’re still willing and capable, but we need to make sure our standards don’t shift so far that they no longer serve the breed.

7. More Breeders are starting to speak up about preserving function, not just form. I’m seeing a resurgence of interest in the original purpose of the breed in herding.

1. Please tell us a little bit about yourself. Where do you live? How many years in dogs? How many years as a breeder? What is your kennel name?

2. What are the hallmarks of your breed and why are they important for maintaining breed type?

3. In your opinion, are there enough puppy homes to support breeding a litter this year?

4. How have you implemented new technologies in science and communications as a breeder?

5. In your community, have you noticed a change in the public’s perception of purebred dogs?

6. Have you noticed any trends in the sport? Anything to be concerned about?

7. What are some of the positive changes you’ve seen in the sport in recent years?

1. Animals have been an essential part of my life for as long as I can remember—truly, since before I could walk. While many people have videos of their first steps, I have a video of my first time on the back of a horse. I was raised around AQHA (American Quarter Horse Association) and APHA (American Paint Horse Association) cow horses, and from a young age, my mom included me in every step of the process, from researching pedigrees, conformation, and health to choosing the right stallion, to foaling, raising, and eventually, marketing the offspring.

In addition to horses, my mom also dedicated much of her time to rehabilitating dog-aggressive (DA) and human-aggressive (HA) Rottweilers and German Shepherd Dogs. We experienced many successes, but also faced heartbreaking challenges. As I grew older, I came to understand that despite all her experience and dedication, some outcomes were simply out of her control. Often, the root of the issue traced back to the very beginning: the choices made by breeders, whether through lack of knowledge, education, or a mismatch in placements.

When the time came for me to bring home my first well-bred, AKC (American Kennel Club)-registered puppy, I approached the journey with care and research. I knew I wanted to be part of something that could make a positive impact on the future of dog breeding. As I began exploring the world of purebred dogs, I quickly realized how much I loved it. Now, a decade later, my family and I are fortunate to share our lives with two incredible breeds. We’re excited to continue contributing as trainers, breeders, and co-breeders—because in this world, it truly takes a village.

Svajonė Kennels was born from a dream—and as someone who has always been a dreamer, it felt only natural that the name reflects that. Svajonė means “dream” in Lithuanian, a word that holds deep meaning for me. I’m incredibly grateful to God each day for the opportunity to grow and enjoy my small, heartfelt program of Beaucerons.

2. The Beauceron is a remarkably versatile breed, truly a jack of all trades. Eager to please and naturally driven, they approach every task with enthusiasm and heart. At the core of the breed’s true nature lies a sound temperament; it is essential for the Beauceron to fulfill its purpose as a capable, confident, and trustworthy partner. With just one glance, they leave a lasting impression—stoic, steady, and powerful. Their presence should convey strength without heaviness, embodying a balance of substance and elegance, like a finely chiseled work of art. Without these essential components, the Beauceron becomes just another dog, lacking the distinctive qualities that make the breed so exceptional and so deeply cherished.

3. Though still relatively unknown, the Beauceron is a breed steadily gaining recognition and admiration in the United States. With that growing popularity comes both excitement and concern. As interest in the breed increases, a small yet dedicated group of ethical breeders is working diligently to rise to the occasion and guide this growth with care and integrity.

Personally, I’ve been fortunate not to face challenges in placing puppies, but I’m aware that others in the community have encountered difficulties, particularly those whose practices may not align with responsible breeding standards. As stewards of this remarkable breed, it’s more important than ever to remain thoughtful, intentional, and committed to preserving the Beauceron’s unique qualities for generations to come.

4. We strive to maintain a high level of independence in our breeding program, while remaining deeply grateful for the guidance we’ve received from our trusted reproductive specialists. Their mentorship has been invaluable in helping us build both knowledge and confidence. As a result, we are equipped to manage much of the reproductive process in-house, including progesterone testing, ultrasound imaging, and all aspects of breeding, with the exception of surgical procedures. This level of hands-on involvement allows us to stay closely connected to every stage of the process and ensure the highest standards of care for our dogs.

5. Within our close-knit Beauceron community, there has long been a thoughtful and balanced appreciation for the value of purebred dogs. For the most part, this perspective has fostered a culture of responsibility, respect, and deep commitment to the breed. Many owners who have chosen to work with reputable breeders demonstrate an exceptional level of dedication, actively engaging their dogs in a wide range of physical and mental activities that honor the Beauceron’s intelligence, drive, and versatility. This shared commitment plays a vital role in preserving the integrity and well-being of the breed as it continues to grow in recognition.

6. Within our breed, there has been a noticeable increase in the number of new breeders entering the community, many of whom are still finding their footing and may be navigating this path without strong, consistent mentorship. At the same time, some more established breeders are producing in higher volumes and placing any puppy free of disqualifying faults into show homes, regardless of overall quality.

This combination has led to a growing number of Beaucerons in the ring that lack true breed type across multiple key aspects. In light of this, it is more important than ever for judges to take the time to deeply understand and uphold the Breed Standard. Their role is critical in recognizing and rewarding dogs that embody the essence of the Beauceron—and in withholding recognition where it is not merited—regardless of reputation or familiarity with the handler. The integrity and future of the breed depend on it.

7. One encouraging shift I’ve observed in recent years is the growing recognition of rarer breeds at the Group and Best in Show levels. It’s truly rewarding to see these unique and often underrepresented breeds receiving the spotlight they deserve. This positive development reflects a deeper dedication among judges—those who invest the time and effort to understand the nuances of less familiar Breed Standards. Their commitment not only elevates the quality of judging but also reinforces the importance of preserving and honoring the diversity within the purebred dog community.

1. Please tell us a little bit about yourself. Where do you live? How many years in dogs? How many years as a breeder? What is your kennel name?

2. What are the hallmarks of your breed and why are they important for maintaining breed type?

3. In your opinion, are there enough puppy homes to support breeding a litter this year?

4. How have you implemented new technologies in science and communications as a breeder?

5. In your community, have you noticed a change in the public’s perception of purebred dogs?

6. Have you noticed any trends in the sport? Anything to be concerned about?

7. What are some of the positive changes you’ve seen in the sport in recent years?

1. I reside in Wimberley, Texas, a small town nestled in the hill country. I was born into the sport of purebred dogs; my parents bred and showed Bullmastiffs. My earliest memories are traveling with them to shows, and when I was old enough, showing my own dog, a Chihuahua named “Ruby.” This year (2025) marked 20 years since my first Australian Shepherd litter was born under the Veritas kennel name. I have been lucky enough to produced two all-breed Best in Show winners, over 35 Champions, and many Performance-titled dogs!

2. The Australian Shepherd is a breed of moderation, with an easy, ground-covering stride and the drive to work all day. It is important to maintain these qualities so as to not lose sight of what this breed was made for—working a day in the field, sorting animals in tight spaces, and gathering them in large ones. A dog that is heavy or excessive in their movement, or lacks the will to please, loses that ability.

3. In my opinion, yes. There are many homes wanting well-bred, preservation dogs. It’s all about moderation; quality over quantity.

4. Yes, I believe that in order to educate people and reach the younger generations, breeders have to meet them on their level. I maintain a social media presence on Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok, and utilize more “traditional” methods, like a website, our breed club’s Breeder Directory, and the AKC (American Kennel Club) Marketplace.

5. I feel the “adopt, don’t shop” movement is still strong, but I have been seeing more openness to well-bred dogs within my community, which goes along with the increased education by preservation breeders.

6. I see a lot of judges, exhibitors, and breeders choosing flash over function.

7. I think the National Owner-Handled Series is a great change and a wonderful way to encourage Owner Handlers to keep showing and achieving!

1. Please tell us a little bit about yourself. Where do you live? How many years in dogs? How many years as a breeder? What is your kennel name?

2. What are the hallmarks of your breed and why are they important for maintaining breed type?

3. In your opinion, are there enough puppy homes to support breeding a litter this year?

4. How have you implemented new technologies in science and communications as a breeder?

5. In your community, have you noticed a change in the public’s perception of purebred dogs?

6. Have you noticed any trends in the sport? Anything to be concerned about?

7. What are some of the positive changes you’ve seen in the sport in recent years?

1. My name is Tracy Robinson, and I live in a small town in Alberta, Canada, called Devon. It is a pretty tight-knit community, which I love! I own and operate an all-breed grooming salon (since 2003). My late mother, Lorna Stolz, founded Mystic Shelties (permanently, registered) in 1989. I have been heavily involved in the breed since 1990. I grew up with horses and competed a lot in Junior Handling. I also professionally handled all breeds for many years.

2. The Shetland Sheepdog expression, alertness, and inquisitive nature are my favorite parts of this breed. It is so important to remember that a “reserved” temperament does not mean scared and shy. Sadly, I have seen some really terrified dogs in the ring, and even being rewarded. The Sheltie should have a distinct outline, one that is balanced. They should have a strong topline and should be able to work all day long without breaking down. We must also remember that part of a balanced topline when moving is a proper tail set. A tail set too high disrupts a fluid gait.

3. Yes, absolutely. Shelties are by far one of the best family dogs on the planet. They fit so well into the dynamics of all types of different families. They’re incredibly versatile! They love being active, but they have no trouble with their “off switch” once it’s time to relax.

4. Admittedly, I am still pretty old-school, but I appreciate the advances in technology with progesterone testing especially. The majority of my breedings are done with shipped chilled semen, so timing is crucial. Social media outlets make it easy to communicate with, and educate the public about, the world of our beautiful purebred, purposefully bred dogs.

5. I have—thank goodness. The public are starting to realize that intentionally well-bred animals are not only much easier to predict but typically fit into their family’s lifestyle and everyday life with ease.

6. I believe that social media has played a huge positive role in our sport. It allows us to promote education, dog shows, dog sports, purebred dogs, etc. Unfortunately, at the same time, I have seen it used as a very ugly tool for people to sit behind a keyboard and go on a “witch hunt.” It saddens me very much to see people blindly following and believing rumors without doing any fact checking of their own.

7. The biggest positive change I have experienced is the way our Junior Handlers are welcomed with open arms! The experienced breeders and handlers are eager to take youngsters under their wings, and encourage them to chase their dreams. It’s really refreshing to see how the new generation of our sport is supported with all kinds of education and seminars, well-organized by some amazing volunteers! Huge shout out especially goes to my own American Shetland Sheepdog Association (ASSA) for the incredible Junior’s seminar that is always put on at our National Specialty. I finally got to sit down this year and spectate, as my own child was able to attend. Well done!

1. Please tell us a little bit about yourself. Where do you live? How many years in dogs? How many years as a breeder? What is your kennel name?

2. What are the hallmarks of your breed and why are they important for maintaining breed type?

3. In your opinion, are there enough puppy homes to support breeding a litter this year?

4. How have you implemented new technologies in science and communications as a breeder?

5. In your community, have you noticed a change in the public’s perception of purebred dogs?

6. Have you noticed any trends in the sport? Anything to be concerned about?

7. What are some of the positive changes you’ve seen in the sport in recent years?

1. My name is Odile Smith. I was raised with large hunting dogs, but I fell in love with Briards and decided that I would have one when I would be living in a house well-suited for dogs. I never turned back. Briards have been my breed for 30 years. Nowadays, we live in Massachusetts, not too far from Boston, and I breed under my kennel name, Fairytale. You can check us out at: Fairytalebriards.com.

My best-known dogs would include Fr. Can. AKC BISS BIS CH Fairytale’s Balthazar le Sage, aka “Sage.” He was a Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show winner, No. 1 ranked US and Canadian Briard, and sired many Champions in the US and several European countries. In current times, I would mention Can. NBISS CH AKC BISS GCHS Fairytale’s Oxford BN RA IT FDC CGC, currently shown by Joanne Thibault, and MBIS MRBIS GCHG Fairytale’s Ria Verde, who just retired to become a mother.

2. Our Breed Standard describes some specific attributes that give that boxy silhouette, with a beautiful carriage: “Vigorous and alert, powerful without coarseness, strong in bone and muscle, exhibiting the strength and agility required of the herding dog.” There are many variations being presented today. Some I love, and some I find not fitting Briard type. I personally love the correct head of the Briard with a beautiful stop, parallel ears placed high on the head, and a wide muzzle, finishing in a 90-degree angle, with strong jaws. The head sits on a long and strong conic neck, providing that beautiful silhouette. We have a coated breed and should expect proper condition and correct coat to be rewarded. Color is not a priority, since “all uniform colors are permitted except white (black, various shades of gray and various shades of tawny).”

3. The puppy buyers have largely evolved over the past four years. It is now a puppy-supermarket approach for many buyers, and honestly, the scariest and most discouraging part of breeding is hoping to find great homes for puppies.

4. I live and breathe sciences every day in my professional life and have always used scientific approaches for everything in my life and, of course, in breeding. Breeding also remains an art. It is about mixing the scientific side (the genes, pedigrees, and health information) to the artistic side (the phenotype). That is not new for me. The use of digital tools has largely increased and is driving the ways to engage with puppy buyers and other breeders. It has positively expanded the outreach, but it also supports the spread of misinformation. You have to balance the benefits with the disadvantages.

5. In my close community, I do not see changes. I see the same hard-working owners, club members, trainers, and handlers with the same focus on purebred dogs. What I do see, of course, are more opinions about animal rights in general, but that has been happening for many years now.

6. Our entries are low and decreasing; majors are rare. Even Nationals and Specialties have very low participation rates. Judging is negatively impacted by the loss of many knowledgeable Briard judges in recent years. Recognizing type, understanding how to handle a Briard, and solid knowledge of anatomy should be key priorities for any judge. The positives of our sport are the circle of dear friends, some being truly a second family, and the continued educative conversations with experienced breeders, handlers, or trainers.

7. I do like the increase in types of activities. Briards are extremely smart and can participate in any sport. I have expanded what I do beyond Conformation and very much enjoy Rally, Obedience, and experimenting in new venues. I also want to commend the clubs that do a fantastic job promoting our sport and purebred dogs. The Westminster Kennel Club and the Kennel Club of Philadelphia are obvious ones on the East Coast. I do see this as a huge positive in our sport.

1. We are Mark and Melisa Tiffany, and we live in Spokane, Washington, which is on the far east side of Washington State close to Idaho. I (Melisa) started in dogs in 4-H and Junior Showmanship as a kid, but I drifted away from it with college and work, four kids, and life. I didn’t really plan on coming back to it, but I got a Miniature American Shepherd puppy that I fell in love with and I promised her breeder she could show and breed her. The first weekend out, she encouraged me to go ahead and take her in the ring; we got a five-point major from the the 6-9 Month Puppy Bitch class and I was hooked. That was eight and a half years ago and her name is “Jemma,” GCHP Chandreas Tiffany Blue CD BN RM2 RAE PT FDC NA NAJ OAP NF FCAT CGCA CGCU TKI ATT. I could write an entire article about her accomplishments, and all the “firsts” and “onlys” that she has claimed in our breed, and the adventures we have had in the NOHS (National Owner-Handled Series) world. Her first litter was almost six years ago and that is the litter that gave us “Rock.” She now has multiple Champions all the way up to GCHG and several BISS winners, plus more with many Performance titles, including Herding.

I have six years as a breeder, and our kennel is Tiffany Heights. I have worked with incredible mentors, the primary ones being Jemma’s breeders, Cheryl and Andrea Hass of Chandrea Farms. Cheryl was instrumental in helping me understand pedigrees and breed type, which led to us picking “Ero,” GCHG Picasso’s Habanero Heat’N Up Ultra Quest RN FDC BCAT CGC TKN ATT, as our first stud. I am also enormously grateful for other mentors and professional handlers who’ve coached and encouraged me to be better. I’m also humbled and grateful to the judges who have encouraged and instructed me, and who found my dogs in spite of my “less-than” handling skills, which have certainly come a long way in the last eight years. Jemma has been awarded “Best Brood Bitch” at five of the last six National Specialties, and Tiffany Heights has won “Breeders Showcase” for five of the last six years at our National.

I’m humbled almost daily by the people who have chosen to get a puppy from us. Their love for their dogs is a blessing and a reminder that breeding for temperament should always come first. Because so many of my owners do a variety of sports, it is also crucial to breed for structure so that those dogs will not break down during their Performance career. An upright shoulder may make for some flashy “reach,” but it won’t hold up in Agility for 10 years, and that big, sexy “turn of stifle” that doesn’t match the front assembly won’t hold up going for an Obedience Grand Master title or a Herding Trial Championship over the course of their lifetime.

Cute story alert: My husband, Mark, didn’t “grow up in dogs” and was very insistent that he would never be in the show ring, but he was happy to come along and drive the motor home. I was keeping a bitch out of that first litter, but when Mark fell in love with Rock, I said the only way we were keeping an intact male was if he was going to put on a suit and train, groom, and show HIS dog! I about fainted when he said, “Okay.” While we both handle all our dogs (except Jemma), he really has been the primary handler, piloting Rock to where he is now. He is also getting to where he isn’t half-bad at grooming!

2. First, Miniature American Shepherds should look like an Aussie (Australian Shepherd). The Breed Standards are nearly identical, except ours has height disqualifications (DQs). Judge Channing Sheets recently called the wicket with Rock, and I was thrilled! I’m so irritated (read furious) with judges who “think” a dog is oversized, and withhold awarding them, without actually measuring! The Standard is very clear that as long as the dog is in the correct range, then you must pick the most typey and sound.

Another hallmark is that they may be reserved with strangers; however, this doesn’t mean that they must be reserved with strangers. They are very connected to their person or persons, but they should never have a fearfulness or timidity about them.

I think another fun hallmark is the merle coat pattern, the multitude of ways that it is expressed and that it is all acceptable. Look at Rock and his minimal merle! The eye color also has no limitations; they can even be marbled or amber-colored.

I don’t know if it’s a hallmark of the breed or not, but I would argue that their versatility is. Jemma is titled in Conformation, Obedience, Rally, Agility, Herding, Fast CAT, and more, as are her kids and grandkids.

3. Yes, this is a wildly popular breed. So much so that backyard breeders are giving the breed a bad name by breeding dozens of litters with foul, nasty temperaments and getting away with charging exorbitant sums of money based on coat and eye color.

4. The use of DNA testing is such a tremendous asset to preventing pain and heartache for puppy owners in that dog’s future. And in a breed that has merle, being able to identify the merle sine length, and identify safer breeding stock, is a tremendous importance.

Communication? I’ve finally been nudged into developing a website, but social media (such as Facebook) is really the most powerful communication tool in my age bracket.

5. I believe so. I think, as we advocate that “adopting IS shopping” and give people permission to NOT feel guilty for wanting a well-bred and emotionally stable dog that will be a joy to live with, that people have slowly begun to turn the corner. I also think that making the business of foreign rescue imports very public, and the pitfalls from that, really helps people to stop and think about how they’re getting manipulated. I also encourage people to do their homework on “doodles” and, if they want one, to find someone who is doing all the health testing and be fully aware of the money they’ll be spending in grooming fees. Then I encourage them to look at better alternatives that are purebreds.

6. You know, back in the late 1970s, people used to fuss and complain about how political the sport was, and how it was worse than it had ever been before. So, coming back to it after 35 years, I just have to grin because the more things change, the more they stay the same.

A trend that I’m actually very concerned about is the painfully low entries in Novice A Obedience (or perhaps now Beginner Novice A). You could also include Rally Novice A in the list. I would argue that a club is only as healthy as these entries. These classes are the ones that people enter when they get a new puppy and are encouraged to train enough to compete in a beginning Obedience class. Frequently, it is with a mutt or a “moderate” purebred. This is their first introduction to dog shows, and then they begin to see the potential of what else could be out there—a fabulous, beautiful dog, and maybe a first Conformation dog? But also, along with this, is what I have seen in the attitudes of the old guard around those beginner Obedience rings. We must make sure that we are welcoming and encouraging, and that we are tolerant of mistakes.

7. I think that some of the newer sports are a fabulous way to keep people engaged and doing fun things with their dogs. I don’t think that we, as purebred preservationists, do a very good job explaining to the public that although Conformation requires your dog to be a purebred, other dog sports do not. Once somebody gets started in Companion and Performance events, it is more of a natural progression to continue to involve them, and encourage and support them as they get involved with their first well-bred purebred.

1. Please tell us a little bit about yourself. Where do you live? How many years in dogs? How many years as a breeder? What is your kennel name?

2. What are the hallmarks of your breed and why are they important for maintaining breed type?

3. In your opinion, are there enough puppy homes to support breeding a litter this year?

4. How have you implemented new technologies in science and communications as a breeder?

5. In your community, have you noticed a change in the public’s perception of purebred dogs?

6. Have you noticed any trends in the sport? Anything to be concerned about?

7. What are some of the positive changes you’ve seen in the sport in recent years?

1. My name is April Hain Trevino, M.D., and together with my husband, Frank Trevino, we are based in the Texas Hill Country, just outside of San Antonio in the town of Boerne. Our journey with Collies began back in the early 1990s while we were still in high school. I was training my Shetland Sheepdog in Obedience when I met Frank in our sophomore algebra class. He owned a tri-color Collie and kept a photo of her tucked into the clear cover of his notebook. Frank had developed an early interest in the breed and had already joined the Collie Club of San Antonio, so we began attending meetings together.

At that time, several well-known and respected Texas breeder-judges—such as Chip Atkins and Bettie Crawford—were active in the club. We soaked up everything we could from them, eagerly reading every Collie book, magazine, and article we could find and listening closely to their insights on breeding, training, and judging. Eventually, we both left for college to attend Texas A&M University. Although we dreamed of becoming more involved in the sport, life took its course: We married, I pursued medical school, Frank launched a business, and we began raising our family.

It wasn’t until 2008 that we were finally able to acquire our first show-quality Collie. From that moment on, we’ve been fully immersed in the breed. Those early high school experiences lit a spark in us—a deep appreciation for the Collie’s beauty, intelligence, and gentle spirit—that has only grown over the years. Over the past 17 years, we have thoughtfully developed our breeding program under the name Maverick Collies, with a focus on producing healthy, structurally sound, and well-tempered Collies that remain true to the AKC (American Kennel Club) Breed Standard.

2. The essence of the Collie lies in its unmistakable expression—a harmonious blend of refined headpiece, almond-shaped eyes, and intelligent gaze that conveys sweetness, dignity, and alertness. Proper structure, balance, and movement are equally important, as this is a working breed at heart. Soundness in body and mind allows a Collie to fulfill its traditional role as a herding and companion dog. We place great emphasis on preserving the classic Collie outline and expression, along with calm, intuitive temperaments and excellent health. These attributes are essential to maintaining breed type, and we believe they must be preserved with integrity for the future of the breed.

3. Yes, absolutely. In our experience, demand for well-bred Collies remains strong, and we are fortunate to have an extensive waiting list of wonderful families who have taken the time to apply, interview, and stay in touch while waiting for the right puppy. We typically have reservations in place six to nine months—or more—in advance of a planned litter. Our program is intentionally limited in scale to ensure that each puppy receives early training, socialization, and individual attention, so homes are carefully selected and thoroughly vetted. We feel confident that our planned litters are well supported by committed, educated homes.

Maintaining a well-designed website is essential for effectively communicating with the public. It serves as a central resource for breed education, information on puppy and adult availability, expectations regarding wait times, and overall insight into our breeding program and philosophy.

4. All of the dogs in our breeding program undergo comprehensive genetic health testing for Collie Eye Anomaly (CEA), Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA), and several other inheritable conditions. We are fortunate to have the support of the Collie Health Foundation, whose mission is to fund medical research that advances the long-term health of the breed, while also educating both breeders and the public on important health issues. The Foundation offers subsidies that help make genetic testing more accessible and affordable, which has been instrumental in allowing breeders to make significant progress in reducing the incidence of many inherited conditions.

On the communications side, we maintain an active Facebook page and an informative website, and we use email to manage applications, share educational resources, and provide regular updates to families on our waiting list. We also utilize AKC’s digital record-keeping system, and the microchip database from AKC Reunite, to ensure lifelong traceability and continued support for every Collie we’ve bred.

5. Yes, we’ve observed a growing appreciation for responsible, conservation-based breeding. More families today are asking thoughtful questions about health testing, temperament, and the purpose behind Breed Standards. There’s still education to be done—particularly around the difference between responsible breeders and commercial or backyard breeders—but we’re encouraged by how many people now understand the value of working with a reputable breeder. We’ve made it a priority to help bridge the gap by offering educational materials and being transparent about our process. As a result, we’re seeing more respect for breeders who prioritize ethics, health, and the long-term welfare of their breed.

6. Some concerning trends in the dog show world include an increasing emphasis on flashy presentation over correct structure and soundness, and a growing preference for extreme features that stray from established Breed Standards. Social media has further complicated the landscape by promoting popularity over merit and enabling less-experienced or profit-driven breeders to gain visibility without adhering to the health or ethical standards our community strives to uphold. The rising costs of campaigning and travel have also made the sport less accessible, potentially discouraging passionate newcomers from entering the ring.

That said, there are also encouraging developments, including a stronger focus on health testing, breeder accountability, and owner education. These are positive steps toward preserving the integrity of our breeds, and they reinforce the importance of remaining vigilant and committed to responsible breeding practices.

7. One of the most positive developments we’ve seen is a growing focus on health and welfare. Breeders are now more equipped with genetic tools and veterinary partnerships to make informed breeding decisions that reduce the risk of inherited disease. There’s also been progress in the transparency of breeding practices, with many breeders—including us—using websites and social media to educate the public, showcase accomplishments, and build lasting relationships with families. Within the Collie world, we’re encouraged by the continued dedication to preserving the breed’s hallmark traits and the camaraderie among breeders who are committed to its long-term conservation.

1. Please tell us a little bit about yourself. Where do you live? How many years in dogs? How many years as a breeder? What is your kennel name?

2. What are the hallmarks of your breed and why are they important for maintaining breed type?

3. In your opinion, are there enough puppy homes to support breeding a litter this year?

4. How have you implemented new technologies in science and communications as a breeder?

5. In your community, have you noticed a change in the public’s perception of purebred dogs?

6. Have you noticed any trends in the sport? Anything to be concerned about?

1. I live in Satellite Beach, Florida. I purchased my first Spanish Water Dog (SWD) in 2016 from Linda Kardonis of Lija’s Spanish Water Dogs at 10 weeks to have him trained as a certified Service Dog by Paws for Veterans. Champion Lija’s Shogun Sir Gunner Of The Island is a fully certified Service Dog for PTSD/Anxiety and an AKC Conformation Champion, AKC Senior Dock Diving, Trick Dog Novice, Farm Dog Certified, and CGC. I worked diligently and trained him to reach these accomplishments.

In 2018, I flew to Croatia to pick up a puppy and spent several weeks at the Zorrazo Spanish Water Dogs kennel. There I did training and showing for the kennel, traveling to show in Budapest, Hungary, Slovenia, and Zagreb. Once back in the US, I showed Zorrazo Peanut Butter to her Grand Champion Silver achievement. Peanut Butter is the foundation bitch of my kennel, with two litters on the ground. My first litter was in 2021, the second in 2023, and another is due on August 10, 2025. Also, in my nine years of showing, I have championed 11 Spanish Water Dogs.

I currently own and bred the AKC No. 5 SWD in Breed standings, Champion Caramels Bonafide Bedazzled Island Girl (Bada Bing), and the No. 2 Champion Explosive Expresso My Little Cup Of Kaos (Khavi). Both girls have Group placements in various AKC shows and both are handled by me in NOHS (National Owner-Handled Series). Khavi is No. 2 and Bada is No. 6. My kennel name is Caramel Kennel.

2. The hallmarks of my breedings are character and maintaining the Breed Standard set by AKC. Each breeding should be as good as, if not better than, the sire and dam.

3. I feel there are always people who want a Spanish Water Dog, as there are so few breeders in the US.

4. By responsibly implementing technologies like genetic health testing and screening, advanced reproduction techniques, and data-driven pedigree programs, Spanish Water Dog breeders can work toward breeding healthier puppies and preserving the long-term health and validity of the breed.

5. I have seen a vast change in the perception of the purebred dog, as people are purchasing many different “doodles” with less health testing.

6. In the sport of Conformation, I see that many times a dog is picked by the handler and not by the dog’s structure and movement, as it should be. I have also noticed how the entries in shows have dwindled.

1. Please tell us a little bit about yourself. Where do you live? How many years in dogs? How many years as a breeder? What is your kennel name?

2. What are the hallmarks of your breed and why are they important for maintaining breed type?

3. In your opinion, are there enough puppy homes to support breeding a litter this year?

4. How have you implemented new technologies in science and communications as a breeder?

5. In your community, have you noticed a change in the public’s perception of purebred dogs?

6. Have you noticed any trends in the sport? Anything to be concerned about?

7. What are some of the positive changes you’ve seen in the sport in recent years?

1. My name is Marian Your, and I have been showing Pembroke Welsh Corgis since 1981, beginning in Obedience. I purchased my first Conformation show dog, “Rocky,” in 1981. Through him, a world opened, including meeting my mentor, Jack Girton, who owned Rocky’s grandfather. Through Jack, I learned about the history of the breed, the art of breeding, and about showing. My foundation bitch was sired by one of Jack’s UK imports, CH Olantigh Copper. I bred my first litter under the Tri-umph prefix in 1984. The Tri-umph motto is, “True Movement, Trainability, and Type,” and I strive to meet that three-pronged goal in every litter.

In 1994, we moved from the Houston suburbs to our 12-acre farm on the far west side of Houston, where our dogs have a fenced half-acre backyard to run in and live with us in our restored 1912 farmhouse. Highlights of my breeding program range from winning Best of Breed at the PWCCA (Pembroke Welsh Corgi Club of America) National in 1987, with my breeding program’s third generation CH Tri-umph’s Turning Heads, to current wins with “Joy,” MBISS BIS RBIS GCHG Tri-umph Tipsy Tart Of Raven-C: Best of Breed at The Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show 2025, and most recently, Best in Show. Joy is handled by Ashlie Whitmore and Alfonso Escobedo. Many of our dogs excel in Performance and Companion events, and I am honored to have bred and trialed the first Pembroke Agility and Conformation Grand Champion, AGCH GCH MACH8 Tri-umph Tommy Wonder MXB3 PDS MJG3 PJD MFC TQX T2B5 CA FCAT2 TKN.

2. I am a member of the PWCCA Judge’s Education Committee, and we recently updated the Illustrated Standard and designed a Quick Study Guide (QSG) for judges. Both the Illustrated Standard and the QSG focus on the breed hallmarks: head foxy in appearance, proper proportions (40% longer than tall), firm level topline moving or standing, the unique wrapped front assembly, tail docked as short as possible, the equilateral triangle ear placement, and movement from the side smooth and free.

These hallmarks speak to both type (having a unique and recognizable appearance essential to all purebreds) and function, because the lower-stationed dog is better able to scale the steep hills of Wales. The free-moving dog could work all day. The wrapped front is essential to allow the legs to move forward unencumbered by the well-sprung ribcage that protects the heart and other organs. The Pembroke is truly a dwarf, medium-sized breed, both in structure and in attitude. This is not a small dog in any way. The Illustrated Standard may be purchased at the PWCCA.org website, and the QSG is available at all PWCCA/ AKC Pembroke judging seminars. I wish more judges would come to our fantastic Judges Education Seminars at our National Specialties. This year (2025), we are at Roberts Centre in Ohio, and next year at Purina Farms in Gray Summit, Missouri. Even judges who are approved for the breed can learn a lot by seeing the new generation of gorgeous Pembrokes, participating in the hands-on portion of the seminar, and reviewing the Breed Standard.

3. I never breed a litter without having a waitlist that exceeds my expected number of puppies. I am currently sending ten puppies off from my spring litters, and some people will have to wait for the next year’s litter. I can only speak for my part of the country, Houston, Texas, but there is quite a demand for a reasonable-in-numbers breeding program. I also get inquiries from all over the country, indicating there must be a shortage of well-bred Pembrokes in other areas. This is an easy breed to train, and they make excellent house dogs and children’s pets, as well as great Performance and Companion event dogs, which helps.

4. I have a private Tri-umph Group on Facebook, and anyone who submits a screening questionnaire and gets on my waitlist is added. There, a member can see pups and dogs from previous litters with their owners doing dog sports and celebrating birthdays, among other things. All members are free to post any photo or update of their Tri-umph Corgis, and it really makes us one big extended family. One puppy buyer recently told me when leaving with their new puppy how special it was to watch the puppies from birth in the group, then watch them develop, and finally, find out which one was theirs. They didn’t meet their puppy at ten weeks; they’d known him from birth!

5. We are considered part of the Greater Houston Community and my breed club, the Greater Houston Pembroke Welsh Corgi Fanciers, participates in the Astro World Series of Dog Shows’ Meet The Breed event almost every year. It is always a very popular event, and in recent years a surprising number of children as well as adults seem to have done their homework on the breed before they’ve approached us. This is probably due to information available electronically—they might have researched the breed while having lunch right before visiting us! But that’s fine, the interest in the breed is what is important! One thing I particularly noticed was an increasing number of young people asking questions about what it takes to show a purebred dog. I can’t tell you how excited I get when I hear that, and I try not to overwhelm them with information while still being as encouraging as possible, and giving them paths to take. We so desperately need young people in this sport to keep it alive.

6. I can only speak to my personal experience and my breed. When I started in purebred dogs, I became interested in Conformation, read the Standard, met people who bred show-quality dogs, bought a show prospect puppy, took handling classes, learned how to groom and condition, and then showed. He finished. Two years later, I decided I wanted to breed, after a trip to the National Specialty and seeing all the various bloodlines available.

I then bought one carefully chosen bitch from top bloodlines, and references were required to get a bitch pup. The next dog I owned was a puppy from that bitch, and after breeding her carefully via studying pedigrees, produced a girl who was Best of Breed at the National in 1989. These days, so, so many people buy several dogs from breeders who are not producing top quality, breed them, then show, win or don’t win, breed more, buy more, and pretty soon have a lot of mediocre dogs that should never have gone to a show in the first place. Studying the breed, learning and using pedigrees, and knowing the history of the breed seems to be a thing of the past. It’s not improving the quality at the shows and I’m sure it is very confusing to judges who are not very familiar with our breed! Judges, refer back to my comment about the accessibility of Judging Seminars at the centrally located National!

7. I think the increasing concern for health testing has strengthened many breeds, including Pembrokes. Although our parent club only requires eye exams and hip radiographs for a CHIC (Canine Health Information Center) certification, many breeders are going beyond that by DNA testing for Degenerative Myelopathy and radiographing elbows. Many breeds sponsor health clinics to make expensive health tests such as echocardiograms more affordable. The increasing concern for the well-being of Juniors and other children in the sport is also healthy and necessary.

H ow do we as breeders define what makes a good Collie judge? What is it that we would like you to focus on when you are invited to judge our breed? Obviously we know that any good judge can be expected to appreciate showmanship, glamor, presentation, and grooming. We also know that basic structure and soundness are qualities that most judges understand. What separates the judges who are respected and sought after by longtime breeders from those judges who we unfortunately see passing off their generic opinions at many all-breed shows? These are the shows where, all too frequently, Collies win that have no real merit and lack breed type.

The answer is knowledge and understanding of those virtues that the Breed Standard emphasizes, and the ability to recognize and reward that quality over those superficial characteristics that are far easier to attain. After breeding Collies for over 35 years, I know from experience that, should you breed away from the correct expression or head type, these virtues can be lost in a single generation and getting them back is a difficult task.

The overall picture of our breed is its most basic characteristic, since without it, none of the elements that make up the whole dog, however correct or beautiful they may be, are sufficient to make it a true Collie. I am an “outline person,” and the presentation of a Collie posing majestically, showing me that picture of balance, elegance, and beauty, can still take my breath away. We want the Collie to be proud and impressive; an elegant, arched neck, well-laid-back shoulder, level back, gently sloping croup... a picture of curves rather than angles. The coat is important, not just in quantity but in that it fits the dog and is of correct, harsh texture.

I also feel strongly about how the Collie should be shown in the ring. Contrary to what we sometimes observe in the show ring today, the Collie Standard specifically states that the breed should not be shown excessively posed. Furthermore, he should not have to be strung up on a tight lead to manufacture the desired overall picture of elegant balance. He should not be expected to stare, mesmerized by a chunk of liver, or be wired up like a terrier... this is not the Collie.

We also want you to understand Collie movement. Contrary to the belief that the Collie is just a “head breed,” we do value correct movement. Despite what we see as desirable in some Breed and most Group rings, faster is not better. A Collie is meant to cover ground. His movement should be smooth, reaching, and effortless when viewed from the side. As his speed increases, he should single track: a desired characteristic of the Collie. The one that runs the fastest does not necessarily get the prize here, and although this may be the trend in the all-breed ring at the moment, it is not the movement of a herding dog.

These things being said, we can talk about what makes up a really exceptional Collie, the one that is not only worthy of winning dog shows but also has the virtues that are essential to the breed. The Collie Standard places great importance on head qualities and expression, and no one aspiring to judge this breed can do a competent job without a thorough study of the Standard.

Longtime Collie breeder Trudy Mangels of Brandwyne fame writes in her book, The Evolution of the Collie, “The head is the feature which distinguishes the superior from the ordinary. In no other breed of dogs is the head as important in evaluating superiority as it is in the Collie.”

So, what is it that we want you to focus on here? We want a head inclined to lightness in relation to the body in our breed... more head is not better. The Collie head should be a lean, well-blunted wedge. It should be smooth and well finished, with parallel planes of approximately equal length separated by a slight but perceptible stop. It is much easier to get these parallel planes on a shorter head. The virtues of smoothness and finish of foreface, flat frontal bone, and well-filled skull are more difficult to get on a longer head. Mother Nature is constantly working against us in these areas, and longtime breeders appreciate how difficult it is to achieve that correct profile and the beautiful finish, while maintaining a long, light head, and these are virtues to be recognized and rewarded.

The Collie’s expression is a great priority, and as the Standard states, “No Collie can be properly judged until its expression has been carefully evaluated.” It is basic to judging our breed that you understand that the Collie eye is to be of medium size, dark, almond-shaped, and set obliquely into the head. The Collie’s expression is created from the combination of the rounded muzzle, correctly placed stop, oblique eye set, and the carriage and set of the ear. The expression should be sweet, quizzical, and melting. These are not simple concepts to grasp, but without the correct head and the desired expression, we really do not have “the Collie.” All the cuteness, showmanship, clever grooming, and cosmetics will not make it a good dog.

Perhaps one of the best descriptions I have read recently of the priorities of a Breeder-Judge comes from George Horn, a longtime successful breeder and a well-respected judge: “The virtues I hold most sacred in judging are really fairly simple to explain. Overall picture, type, balance, or whatever you wish to call it, comes first. No part can be more important than the whole dog. After that would come the things that make a Collie unique from other dogs.

“Just about all of those things are part of the Collie head, such as eyes, ears, expression, muzzle, skull, etc. No, I did not say nothing else matters, just that it doesn’t matter as much. I love any dog with good legs and feet that can move well down and back and from the side. Unfortunately, those things are not what makes a dog distinctly a Collie.

“Though there have been minor revisions to the Standard over the years, the basic intent has not been affected. The Collie is to be a lithe, active dog with balance and harmonious proportions. It should never show any problems associated with bad temperament or be lacking in alertness (showmanship) or responsiveness. The areas dealing with various aspects of the head make it clear how important these are to the people who framed the Standard. Such statements as ‘prominent head faults are severely penalized’ or ‘eye faults are heavily penalized’ and ‘a Collie cannot be judged properly until its expression has been carefully evaluated’ make it clear how important head characteristics are to the Standard.”

T here is a general consensus among old-timers evaluating Collies (of which I am one) that today there is a noticeable destruction of correct Collie expression, which is paramount to a dog being a good Collie.

“The Collie cannot be judged properly until its expression has been carefully evaluated.”

One of the first qualities that a “good” Collie judge studies is the expression of the animals being shown. It should be the ultimate factor in any decision.

“Expression is one of the most important points in considering the relative value of Collies.”

Today, correct Collie expression is being lost! Many new people in the breed do not recognize it as being correct when it is presented to them. The major emphasis today seems to be judging the Collie in profile with little or no value being given to expression. A Collie cannot be judged properly until it is looked in the face. This is the only way to see its expression.

There are several structural factors that are required for a Collie to have correct expression. The increasing acceptance of the change in the shape of the Collie muzzle is a major factor in the loss of the correct, sweet, melting Collie expression. The muzzle is the initial factor in creating the correct Collie head. Whether this change in the muzzle is done intentionally to make the profile lines sharper; or is due to lack of knowledge; or because it is what is winning: none of the reasons are valid.

Today’s flattening of the top of the muzzle, even simply flattening the muzzle just before the stop, the narrowing of the muzzle... all contribute to the demise of the smooth, full, round muzzle called for in the Collie Breed Standard. This loss must be judged as a serious fault, a fault of TYPE that is of major importance. It is a fault that detracts from the essence of the Collie.

The Standard gives a great amount of description to correct head properties and to the desired expression, which has “the necessary bright, alert, full-of-sense look that contributes so greatly to Collie expression.”

This expression is created when a “well-rounded muzzle” blends into the flat skull at the slight stop. The first element that is a MUST for a good head is a full, smooth, rounded muzzle. This roundness must be present from the black nose until the stop. It helps create the correct expression when it blends into the flat skull at the slight stop. The foreface will thus be “chiseled to form a receptacle for the eyes.”

The muzzle is the first element needed to have a correct Collie head, and thus, correct expression. It is the determining factor for the proportions of the head. The fullness of the muzzle and the length of the muzzle determine what will be the desired width and length of the backskull.

“The proper width of backskull necessarily depends on the combined length of skull and muzzle and the width of the backskull is less than its length. Thus, the correct width varies with the individual and is dependent upon the extent to which it is supported by length of muzzle.”

Today’s head faults have become accepted because some breeders found that it was easier to win under all-rounders who only looked at the Collie in profile. Thus, a flat, straight muzzle, a definite stop, and a seemingly flat skull when the ears are up seem appealing when one does not look them in the face. Take a piece of paper and hold up the edge. Then make a round cone of the paper. A rounded edge gives a very different look than does a flat edge. It is a less precise outline.

Many Collie artists who exaggerate Collie characteristics as a means to express their artistic representation of the breed have exacerbated this fad. The Collie head cannot adequately show expression with a line drawing. It is easier to draw a correct profile than it is to draw correct expression. It is also easier to breed a correct profile if one does not demand a correct expression.

The Standard only calls for an acceptable profile to have “the top of the backskull and the top of the muzzle lie in two approximately parallel, straight planes of equal length, divided by a very slight but perceptible stop” [emphasis mine]. Many Collie fanciers are now breeding Collies that emulate these artists’ renditions of the Collie, not what the Standard states it should be.

Another factor that is essential to good expression is the structure of the skull. The sides of the skull and the top of the skull should feel as flat and smooth as glass. There should be no lumps or dips in the backskull: “The backskull is flat, without receding either laterally or backward.” The zygomatic arches should be flat without any feeling of roundness to the bones. It should be equal in length to the muzzle.

Today, part of the problem in getting the correct expression is the trend to have the backskull at the same width as the muzzle. This gives the animal a pencil head. The Standard calls for the correct Collie head to be a slight wedge. “Both in front and profile view the head bears a general resemblance to a well-blunted lean wedge, being smooth and clean in outline and nicely balanced in proportion. On the sides it tapers gradually and smoothly from the ears to the end of the black nose.”

Thus, in order to get the proper expression in a Collie, the head must be a slight, balanced wedge with a round muzzle that blends into a flat skull at the midpoint or stop. This will produce a foreface that is chiseled to form a receptacle for the eyes. The slight wedge allows the eyes to be “placed obliquely to give them the required forward outlook.” If the Collie has a pencil head or lacks the rounded muzzle, it will have a very foreign expression. Often these animals have the eyes off to the side of the head, giving them the expression of a dead fish.

Another fad that has harmed the expression of the Collie is to have “too much stop.” Breeders brag about having a “nailed stop” in their dogs. Nowhere is that called for in our Standard. We want a “very slight but perceptible stop.” The Collie should have a one-piece head. If there is a definite stop, the result is a two-piece head. With too much stop, the eyes will be placed horizontally, not obliquely. If they are not placed obliquely, the expression will be startling and often vacant.

Many years ago, a big-winning Collie’s profile was on the cover of a magazine. My daughter asked why a Collie that looked like a Siberian Husky was on the cover. To prove her point, she took tracing paper, traced the profile, and put small prick ears on the drawing. She was right. Having seen the dog, I had to admit that the dog’s deep stop and short head did give the dog a Husky-like expression.

The final structural element that contributes to correct Collie expression is the size, placement, and shape of the eye. Placement of the eye is determined by the other three factors mentioned. However, the size of the eye is a separate inherited characteristic. The Standard calls for the eyes to be “almond-shaped” and “of medium size.” They should “never properly appear to be large or prominent.” Today, the trend is to have eyes that are TOO SMALL. “Medium” does not mean beady or squinty. The eyes reflect the soul of the Collie. Eyes that are too small give the dog an evil or blank look, which is the opposite of what is the essence of a good Collie. The Collie should never have the fierce terrier-like expression that is seen too often in the Collie ring today.

Correct Collie expression is difficult to describe, but once one has seen correct expression... has felt a full round muzzle... has put one’s fingers on a slight but perceptible stop... has let the hands glide over the flat, smooth skull... has looked into the soul of the Collie that is seen in the properly shaped and sized eye... it is an experience that will never be forgotten. It is what one should constantly strive for in breeding and should be a major factor in judging the Collie.

I s it a coincidence that Shakespeare’s timeless tale about the Capulets and the Montagues hails from the same land and era as the ancestors of a breed whose fanciers have historically been at odds? Today, the American Kennel Club (AKC) recognizes the Manchester Terrier as one breed with two varieties, Toy and Standard, for which there is one parent club and one Breed Standard. It seems rather straightforward; however, just beneath the surface lies a tension that mirrors that other rivalry of British origin. Breed enthusiasts have long debated whether the two varieties are, or really should be, truly one breed. As recently as December 2023, the American Manchester Terrier Club (AMTC) waded into this tumultuous territory when it published a letter that the AKC Judges Education Department circulated to AKC Judges.

Breeders, judges, and exhibitors should understand that differences in size are a defining feature of the breed. While breeders may express preferences for one size variety over another, it’s important for judges to make placements consistent with the Breed Standard, which was written to reflect the breed’s history and the range of functions.

Before we dive into the fray, let’s lay some groundwork for how the breed is represented in the United States today:

The AKC Breed Standard • The AKC Manchester Terrier Breed Standard states that it is one breed with two varieties, the Standard and Toy, of which the only differences are weight and ear type.

• Dogs competing in the Standard variety may have cropped, button, or naturally erect (upright) ears. The only permissible ear type for dogs competing in the Toy variety is the naturally erect ear.

• Exhibits must be shown in the Toy variety if weighing 12 pounds and under. Dogs weighing over 12 pounds, but not exceeding 22 pounds, must show in the Standard variety. Exhibition

• The varieties are shown separately and compete for “Best of Variety” rather than “Best of Breed” at most AKC Conformation events. Standalone specialties are the only events where winners of each variety may compete for Best of Breed.

• The Standard variety is exhibited in the Terrier Group and the Toy variety is exhibited in the Toy Group. • Judges may weigh exhibits. Dogs shown in the Toy variety are excused for entry in the wrong class if they exceed 12 pounds. Dogs competing as Standards that exceed 22 pounds are disqualified, per the Breed Standard.

• A dog may begin exhibiting in the Toy variety, but the rules require that it compete in the Standard variety if it later surpasses the 12-pound weight limit for Toys. All awards and titles carry over with the dog. Registration and Breeding

• All dogs are classified as simply “Manchester Terrier” in the AKC Stud Book and on registration papers, with no variety indicated.

• It is permitted to breed a Toy-sized dog to a Standard-sized dog.

• Both varieties can be born from the same litter and the final weight of offspring may not be consistent with the variety classification of their parents.

Okay, phew! That’s a lot to digest! For our purposes, though, the important takeaway is this: The AKC views Manchester Terriers as one, single breed. Now that you understand the system, let’s get back to the essential question: Are they truly one breed?

Some fanciers today cite the unification of the two varieties as a recent development in the breed’s history. It’s true that, in the breed’s country of origin, the counterparts to the Toy and Standard varieties were split into separate breeds. (There will be more on that soon.) These fanciers believe that breeders who have favored one size variety over the other have, over time, created genetic siloes between them. They say the result has been such strong differences in type and temperament that they should be considered separate breeds.

Even among those who don’t advocate for splitting the varieties into two separate breeds, there is persistent debate over whether the varieties should be interbred, and whether dogs born from Toy parents should be shown in the Standard ring. Over the decades, many have been discouraged by their peers from exhibiting smaller Standards, especially if they have natural ears. Words like “oversized Toy” tend to get thrown around ringside and judges will frequently use the term when examining smaller Standard specimens, often without understanding the stigma that is attached to this term.

Two problems persist as a result of the belief that smaller dogs cannot be competitive in the Standard ring: Some breeders place specimens weighing between 12 pounds and 15 pounds in pet homes regardless of quality, effectively removing them from the gene pool of an already rare breed. Others have kept the 12-to 14-pound dogs in the Toy ring. While keeping these dogs in the gene pool is beneficial, it created a new problem: The actual Toys competing in the Toy ring look deceptively small if one is to assume all of the dogs in the Toy ring are the correct size.

With these conflicting views, one can understand why new people to the breed and aspiring judges pursuing mentoring opportunities may end up more confused than when they started.

The Manchester Terrier is often cited by breed historians as the closest living direct descendant of the Old English Terrier. This was a broad type of terrier originating in the United Kingdom for which written references can arguably be found as far back as the 1500s. These early dogs came in a variety of sizes, colors, and coat types, from which a number of today’s terrier breeds descend, including Welsh, Lakeland, Border, and Bull Terriers.

By the early 19th century, Manchester Terriers had become known for their varied talents and abilities, with a range of sizes to suit each purpose. Their role beside humankind included the utilitarian—rat catching, controlling vermin on farms, and coursing small game—and the long-outlawed bloodsport of rat baiting. In the rat pits, dogs were given a handicap based on their weight, with smaller dogs becoming prized for their advantage; they were matched against fewer rats. The black and tan “Tiny,” at 5-1/2 pounds, is the most famous rat killer in breed history, killing 200 rats in less than an hour.

In England, there was no mention of “varieties” in an official capacity when The Black and Tan Terrier Club was formed in 1884, just 10 years after the formation of The Kennel Club itself. The first Breed Standard described a breed that came in three sizes: “Toy (up to 7 lbs), Medium (up to 14 lbs) and Large (up to 22 lbs).” Notably, there was no distinction in the weight for dogs versus bitches in these ranges, something that holds true in the AKC Breed Standard today.

In 1885, just one year after the formation of the AKC, the first Black and Tan Terrier was recorded in the AKC Stud Book. In 1889, the AKC Gazette published the Breed Standard written by the Black and Tan Terrier Club in England, which became the US Standard as there was no organized AKC parent club representation for the breed at the time.

An excerpt from an 1885 Q&A column in the US magazine The Bazaar by Kennel Editor Hugh Dalziel answers a question about how large a reader’s Black and Tan Terrier puppy may grow. “We cannot tell you the size yours will grow to, as these dogs vary from a few pounds weight up to 30 lb.” Dalziel was author of several books about British dog breeds, and his reply provides further historical evidence of the range in size recognized in the Black and Tan Terrier.

In 1903, The Kennel Club in England began referring to the smaller specimens as Black and Tan Terriers (Miniature).

In the 1912 AKC Gazette it was announced that AKC had recognized the Manchester Terrier Club of America. By then, the AKC was referring to the smaller specimens as Toy Black and Tan Terriers and the larger as Manchester Terriers.

Just a few years later, the 1917 AKC Gazette published a ruling from the AKC Stud Book Committee declaring the Manchester Terrier and the Toy Black and Tan Terrier to be “distinct varieties of the same breed.” The committee further provided guidance on how to register dogs of inter-variety breeding, since the varieties were still registered separately at the time, though inter-breeding was permitted. Guidance was also provided on exhibition based on weight: “Any Manchester Terrier over one (1) year old of registered Manchester parents under 12 lbs in weight, may be shown as a Toy Black and Tan. Any Terrier having one parent Toy Black and Tan and one parent Manchester, must be shown as a Toy Terrier if under 12 lbs, and as a Manchester Terrier if over 12 pounds.”

That same year, breeder G. “Nellie” Campbell Schmidt shared the ruling in The Dog Fancier and offered this perspective: “…all breeders who are producing show stock use breeding stock weighing from three to 12 pounds, this statement can be verified by a close study of the parentage past and present, of show dogs; with few exceptions they trace to Manchester Terriers. My own little bitch, Champion Cambell’s May Bee, who won her championship under five pounds, was the grand-daughter of a fifteen pound bitch, being in the pedigree of almost every western winner for the past ten years.”

In England, following World War I, the larger size was nearly extinct, so perhaps that is why they were not officially renamed as the Manchester Terrier until the mid-1920s when their population was starting to rally. Despite the separation, the Miniatures and Manchester Terriers continued to have identical Breed Standards with the exception of weight and height. A 1931 breed profile that appeared in The Guardian by an author identified as J.B. stated, “From the large variety of Manchester Terriers the miniature one has been bred down, and except in the matter of size, he resembles his larger brother in every way.”

In a 1933 announcement from the AKC, they were officially renamed by the AKC Board to what we know them as today; the Standard Manchester Terrier and Toy Manchester Terrier. In that same announcement, the ability to inter-variety breed was reaffirmed.

Throughout the early 1900s, numerous articles in the media highlight the debate among fanciers about whether the two varieties should be separate breeds, and each time the AKC reaffirmed that the Toy had always been and will continue to be “a diminutive version of the Standard” (terminology that remains in the AKC Breed Standard today).

In the late 1800s and early 1900s, it became fashionable in some circles to breed the Toy variety as small as possible. The result was specimens as small as two and three pounds, with a resulting loss of vigor and breed type. Perhaps due to the poor condition of the Toy variety, or because the country of origin had already split the varieties into separate breeds, in 1937, The Manchester Terrier Club requested that AKC discontinue the practice of registering inter-variety breedings. It should be noted that the Toy Manchester Terrier at the time was without organized representation, as the parent club was not formed until 1938. The AKC refused to change its policy regarding inter-variety breeding and, in their response, wrote:

“The committee feel that cross-breeding of the two can produce only Manchester Terriers and that, therefore, they are entitled to certification by the American Kennel Club as pure-bred. They cannot be considered mongrels. Breeders of Toy[s] have found it necessary and desirable from time to time to introduce the blood of the Standard size dogs into their strains. Breeders of the Standard size need not breed their dogs to Miniatures unless they wish to. The Manchester Terrier Club which functions for the Standard size Manchester and is not interested in the Toy Manchester, may, if it wishes, endeavor to discourage the cross-breeding by pleading its members not to breed their dogs to Toys, but there seems no reason for the American Kennel Club to refuse the result of such cross-breeding registration in the Stud Book.”

World War II resulted in another near extinction for the Manchester Terrier in Europe, and The Kennel Club in England once again permitted inter-breeding with the Miniatures into the 1950s.

Around this same time, The Kennel Club in England recognized revised Breed Standards. It renamed the Miniatures to English Toy Terriers (Black and Tan) as they are known today, particularly in the UK and Europe. While inter-breeding was eventually disallowed in the UK, this restriction of the gene pools has been circumvented by importing dogs from North America where inter-variety breeding has been continuously allowed.

In the US, where the Standard Manchester never really enjoyed high numbers, the larger variety had declined to the point where the parent club had dissolved. To that end, the varieties were formally recombined and placed under the umbrella of one breed club in 1959. Prior to the American Toy Manchester Terrier Club’s (ATMTC) 1958 annual meeting, for which the members were due to vote on whether to combine the breed clubs, a persuasive letter was penned by the ATMTC leadership and sent to the membership. It stated, in part:

“This feature is we believe invaluable to Toy Man. Breeders. It will give more latitude in improving the Toy by protecting the usefulness of good dogs who are three or four pounds too big… The problem of oversized Toys has long plagued our Club and its breeders. That problem has long been discussed at our annual and other meetings. This is a grand opportunity to settle this matter once and for all.”

It’s important to recognize that the restriction on exhibiting “oversized Toys” was self-imposed among American breeders. The term “oversized Toys” is, in fact, a misnomer, though still heard around the ring and in breed circles today. The Breed Standard clearly states that once a dog exceeds 12 pounds, it must be exhibited in the Standard variety. And while the recombination of the varieties did take some persuading, the vote did pass. The resulting increase of inter-variety breeding successfully restored breed type and genetic diversity in the breed as a whole.

Just a few years later, in the June 1963 breed column published in the AKC Gazette and penned by Mrs. John P. Knox, Jr., the newly named American Manchester Terrier Club celebrated the first awarding of Best of Breed for the Manchester Terrier in AKC history. The author highlighted that a Standard was awarded BOB and a Toy was awarded Best of Opposite Sex, and concluded that, “doing [so] at this show, our show of shows, must prove beyond a shadow of a possible doubt to sceptics here and abroad, that we do indeed consider our Manchester Terriers, regardless of Variety, to be one and the very same breed!”

The 1959 combining of varieties is often cited by breed fanciers today as the point at which the Toy and Standard debate began, but as the club correspondence shows, club leadership had hoped it would put this debate to rest. If only!

Finally, our historical trek concludes with the aforementioned letter distributed by the AMTC in December 2023. Directed to AKC Judges approved to judge the breed, the letter, among other things, pleaded with judges to weigh larger exhibits to ensure they were not over the maximum weight as defined for each variety, and providing all exhibits were within the allowable range (12 pounds and Under for Toys, Over 12 and not exceeding 22 for Standards) giving equal consideration to all exhibits regardless of weight. That letter states:

“With regards to size, our standard states that ‘The Toy variety shall not exceed 12 pounds,’ and ‘The Standard variety shall be over 12 pounds and not exceeding 22 lbs.’ Please note, there is no preference for size described within the weight limit. Historically, the breed was regarded for its versatility, which is partly due to the range of size found within the varieties. Judges should not disregard smaller specimens in either variety based on size alone.” [emphasis in original]

We have now examined numerous primary sources demonstrating that, historically, the two varieties have been treated as one, both in breeding and exhibition—and its staunchest supporters have been arguing about it for the entire time as well!

Today’s breeders seem to fall into two camps; those who believe it is a cardinal sin to inter-variety breed, affecting the purity of their favored variety, and those who believe inter-variety breeding is beneficial to the genetic diversity and conformation of the breed as a whole.

The AKC’s position has been consistent for more than 100 years, and the AMTC has been steadfast since its founding. The AKC Breed Standard, describing both sizes of Manchester Terrier, has been almost identical since it was first written down more than 140 years ago. As shown in the accompanying artwork, breed type, regardless of size, remained consistent 150 years ago. It is long past time to put the argument to rest.

It is important for judges, breeders, and exhibitors to remember that differences in size are a defining feature of the breed, not a flaw. Similarly, there’s nothing wrong with breeders having a preference for one size variety over another, as long as those preferences don’t come at the expense of the breed. It is vital that we educate new fanciers and aspiring judges in a way that is accurate, consistent, and derived from historical facts. The continuation of what is arguably one of the oldest terrier breeds depends on our ability to be unified in protecting its best interests and safeguarding it for future generations to discover.

The full letter published by the American Manchester Terrier Club in December 2023 appears elsewhere in this issue and may also be found on the AKC Conformation Judges Blog: https://akcconformationjudges.wordpress.com/2023/12/27/judging-the-manchester-terrier/

Special thanks to fellow Manchester Terrier fancier Amanda Kelly for her invaluable work in scanning, organizing, and helping to interpret the historical reference materials that supported this article.

Michelle Barlak has been involved in the sport of purebred dogs since early childhood and has dedicated over 30 years to the Manchester Terrier. As a breeder, owner, and exhibitor behind Maximal Manchester Terriers, her dogs have achieved numerous accolades in both AKC Conformation and Performance events. Michelle currently serves on the Board of the American Manchester Terrier Club and chairs its Health, Rescue, and Breeder Mentor Committees. She is also an AMTC Judges Education mentor and presenter. She has served as the AKC Delegate representing the Ibizan Hound Club of the US since 2015. She is a non-profit public relations professional and lives in New Jersey with her husband and their pack of Manchester Terriers, an Ibizan Hound, and a Sphynx cat.

T he American Manchester Terrier Club would like to clarify some points about our breed pertaining to the evaluation of the bite and size.

With regards to dentition consistent with AKC (American Kennel Club) judging procedures, we strongly urge judges to ask the handler to show the bite. Our Breed Standard states, “the jaws are powerful with full and proper dentition” and further references “tight black lips lie close to the jaw.”

While it is necessary to check the bite and the sides of the mouth, it is improper to open a Manchester Terrier’s mouth to check for the molars or to expect the dog to stand while teeth are counted. The Breed Standard does not include a disqualification for missing teeth. Due to the tight lips that lie close to the jaw, and the large teeth relative to their size, attempting to handle the dog and visualize each tooth in an exhibit’s mouth can lead to an unnecessarily unpleasant experience for the dog.

When examining the Manchester Terrier from a functional and historical perspective, it is most important to ensure the quality of the bite by evaluating the strength of the jaw, size of the teeth, and the occlusion.

With regards to size, our Standard states, “The Toy variety shall not exceed 12 pounds,” and “The Standard variety shall be over 12 pounds and not exceeding 22 pounds.” Please note, there is no preference for size described within the weight limit. Historically, the breed was regarded for its versatility, which is partly due to the range of size found within the varieties. Judges should not disregard smaller specimens in either variety based on size alone.

And finally, we strongly encourage judges to weigh an exhibit that may appear to be over the size limitation for its variety. Per our Breed Standard, “The Toy variety over 12 pounds shall be excused. Disqualification: Standard Variety – Weight over 22 pounds.”

Estimating a dog’s weight is a difficult task even for our most experienced Breeders. If you should encounter an entry in either variety that you question whether it is in the allowable range for weight, the only proper recourse is to weigh the dog to confirm it is within the allowable range. It is a disservice to our breed, and to our exhibitors, for a judge to disregard an entry based on their estimate of its weight, or reward an exhibit with a disqualifying fault (Standard variety) or one that should be excused as indicated by our Breed Standard (Toy variety) for being outside the allowable range for weight.

Thank you for your help in ensuring both a positive experience for our dogs and assisting us in safeguarding the traits described in our Breed Standard.

“If you should encounter an entry in either variety that you question whether it is in the allowable range for weight, the only proper recourse is to weigh the dog to confirm it is within the allowable range.”

Jo Ann Emrick's involvement in the sport of dogs started in 1973 and specifically in Manchester Terriers in 1985. Her admiration for the breed led her to serve the American Manchester Terrier Club in many capacities. Jo Ann remains active as Judges Education Coordinator and keeps the club's Hall of Fame inductees up to date with their photos and pedigrees. Her passion for collecting Manchester memorabilia has been enriched through an online Manchester Terrier Archives Group, which she started.

I have found that the more I study other breeds, the better I understand my own breed. I began my lifelong journey in 1969 with the purchase of my first “show” dog, a German Shepherd Dog. I foundered for years trying to relate how my dog resembled his Breed Standard, without the benefit of mentors with any real depth of knowledge on the breed. I started attending the German Shepherd Club of America’s National Specialty each year where I had the great fortune to be befriended by Patricia Parsons and Scootie Sherlock of Caralon German Shepherd/Pembroke Welsh Corgi fame. They introduced me to Dr. Charles Kruger of Schaferhaus (also founded in German Shepherds and then deeply involved with the Pembroke Welsh Corgi) and my canine education began. Sitting ringside between these three people throughout all of the huge classes as they discussed in depth the attributes and faults of the dogs standing and moving before us in the ring gave me a foundation from which to begin my studies. At that time, there were very few publications devoted to the study of the canine and I quickly learned that reading something and thinking that you understand it and then watching it with someone there to explain exactly what I was seeing, were two vastly different experiences.

With help from my mentors and attending any and all seminars on the dog, no matter what the breed, it all began to make sense to me. That is why I have devoted so much time, effort, and energy into writing articles and producing DVDs on the canine in order to pass on what I have learned. I am not an authority on canine anatomy. I cannot name all of the muscles that cause the skeletal structure to move. What I hope to accomplish with this series is to get each of you thinking about your breed and what really makes it unique. This series on form and function will emphasize skeletal structure and movement and balance in the dog. Before we get into how form follows function, I do want to stress that if you have a dog without its essential breed characteristics, then it matters little how that dog moves!

We who breed and show our dogs are the “Keepers of the Standards.” It is our responsibility to know the Standard for our breed and the whys and wherefores of its history, development, purpose, and function. In this day and age, it is rare for a dog to routinely perform the duties for which it was developed, but if we do not preserve their ability to do so, then why have individual breeds at all? AKC has many outlets in which to prove a dog’s working ability, if one has the inclination and time to do so. Entering your dog in an instinct test for your breed can be eye-opening. I will never forget the electricity that went through my dog the first time he saw livestock! In a discussion with a Norwegian friend who is both a Herding Trial and Conformation judge, she quoted a Scottish Border Collie breeder who said to her, “In my country, we have dogs because we have sheep. In the USA, they have sheep because they have dogs.” This statement says a lot about those who are willing to prove and preserve our chosen breeds’ original purpose. Even so, working ability means nothing if the dog does not look like its breed. Type is of primary importance. Movement is an integral part of type. They cannot be separated. Architect Frank Lloyd Wright is credited with the statement: “Form follows function has been misunderstood. Form and function should be one, joined in spiritual union.” This statement definitely relates to the fact that type encompasses the whole dog, and each dog should move as his purpose dictates.

From the Great Dane to the Chihuahua, each breed should look, act, and move a certain way. The dog’s function can be anything from cattle control to serving as a companion and pleasing the eye of the owner. It cannot be emphasized enough that you should know your Standard. You should know the history and original purpose of your breed. Understanding the uniqueness of a breed explains why so many breeders who are passionate about a breed have devoted their time over many years (often many hundreds of years), to develop and preserve it.

Two of the most commonly heard terms used when discussing the make and movement of the canine are “form follows function” and “balance.” Since this is to be a series concerning the structure and movement of the dog, a fitting introduction would be a discussion of these two terms. The architect Louis Sullivan is credited with first saying, “Form ever follows function.” As breeders, we, like the architect, follow a set of blueprints which we call the Standard of Perfection for our individual breed.

What does “form follows function” really mean? The definition of form is the visual appearance of something or someone (syn: form, shape, cast); any perceptual structure or any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline) (syn: shape, conformation). While function can be defined as what something is used for (syn: purpose, role, use, utility, usefulness), and also, to perform as expected when applied (syn: work, operate, go, run). From these definitions we can gather that the conformation of the dog is defined by the purpose for which it was developed. Quite a simple concept, correct? Maybe not so simple to understand and put into a living, breathing form.

In any display of function there are variations depending upon the task to be performed. Since each breed of dog varies from every other breed (either slightly or widely!) each breed would naturally be expected to perform according to the purpose for which it was developed, with the added influences of the climate and terrain over which it was expected to work. Some dogs were developed for the retrieval of a specific type of game, some to dispatch vermin, while others were used to intimidate all comers by its mere appearance. Purposeful development carries all the way through every breed, most of which were developed to help mankind with daily chores or to put food on the table, on to those which were developed simply for their charm, looks, and companionship. Altogether, there are approximately 400 different breeds in the world, each developed for a specific purpose.

The principal of form follows function as it relates to dogs is assumed to be the basis of evaluating the outward appearance of a breed in the show ring. Dogs that are exceptional in their breed-characteristic conformation and are able to perform their original function are thought to be the epitome of excellence. The only real method of testing the form is the function, which further reveals the temperament and drive necessary for the work for which the breed was developed. As Conformation judges can only evaluate the heart of the dog by their actions in the ring and not in the field, the final proof of the dog’s usefulness will always be how it can perform the tasks for which it was developed. Breeders must pay close attention to all of the physical characteristics that make up a breed as well as breeding for the correct temperament and willingness to carry out the tasks set before them. A structurally sound dog with the conformation set forth in the Standard for the breed still needs the willingness to perform the task set before them. Many a great dog in the performance arena (and I include all in this, from Agility to Obedience Trials through specific trials that test a dog’s performance in the field or pasture) has been poorly conformed in structure and performed well only through the heart and desire to do so. These dogs are brilliant at their tasks, but at what cost to their longevity and wear and tear on their bodies?

This series cannot speak to each individual breed, but if we can understand what is expected of the “average” dog (one that is not considered to be extreme in any way) we can, perhaps, better understand why our chosen breed is molded in the form called for within its own Standard. From this average dog who is either square or slightly off-square we can then compare the average breeds with those breeds with extreme characteristics, such as the smallness of a Chihuahua to the intimidating looks of the Neapolitan Mastiff.

Another concept that appears in most of the Standards are the words “balance” and “balanced.” For example, in a quick look at the Sporting breeds, the word appears in the Standard at least once (and up to nine times in one Standard) in all but two breeds. Balance defined is equality of distribution or a state of equilibrium. Balance speaks to stability and endurance of the overall structure of the dog. A dog that is balanced in all of its parts will endure by withstanding the hardships and stress the body is subjected to when the dog performs the work for which it was bred. Balance, especially in the front to rear angulation, will determine if, at the end of the day, the dog is just very tired or the dog has broken down.

This series will cover the basics of structure and movement, using the “average” dog. It will describe how to see and also how to feel for structure. It will contain the basics of the skeletal form and structure and how it influences movement. It will cover movement, what is normal and what is a deviation from normal, as much as we can do with only illustrations and without video. Most of this information comes from my DVD on “Structure and Movement in the Pembroke Welsh Corgi” and will be expanded upon in my upcoming DVD “Canine Structure and Movement, An All-Breed Approach” which should be published in 2019.

D o clubs really have a shortage of volunteers? I’ll answer my own question: I think, in many cases, NOT!

Yes, we have an aging fancy; and yes, we have some people in clubs “doing it all.” But is that because they “have to?” Gonna answer again, and that’s NO!

I cannot tell you how many people say, “Hey, I’ve tried with ABC or XYZ club, to join, to be on a committee, to even be a volunteer or run for the board, etc., but it’s locked down so tight with either an old guard, or a big controlling faction, that I just gave up!” Let’s acknowledge this is not just happening—it’s happening A LOT!

Honestly, in my book, each time a board of directors or club turns down a member or a volunteer, I can see unintended consequences, such as blocking the growth of your club and limiting the enthusiasm for the sport and for breed clubs. And in my humble opinion, when it comes to breed clubs they are likely hurting their breed.

Quit blaming PETA, HSUS, backyard breeders, etc., or even the economy, for driving people away. I’m gonna say it flat out—PEOPLE DRIVE PEOPLE AWAY!

Does someone who has held a board seat for 10 or 15 or 20 years really need to keep squatting on any board seat (and blocking others)? Surely there are others who are qualified and even willing, so, please folks, find a mentee to bring up into the position and let that title go!

We cannot grow or survive if we are just blockers! Open up some lanes for people; let them in your clubs, then welcome and mentor them! Allow newer people on your board (I do recommend first as a regular director, so they can get their feet wet while learning bylaws, standing rules, etc.) Side note: Please don’t “set up” your nominating committees with a faction or with a directive from the incoming president of who they want and/or don’t want on the board.

Dog club boards need balance. In national clubs, you want people from varied areas but also people with different backgrounds and skill sets. Also, not all should be for or favoring a specific kennel or breeder.

In all-breed clubs, ideally with a variety of breeds represented, don’t stack things with members who have breeds that are all from the president’s dogs’ Group. I’ve seen this happen, and when it does the club can really start favoring a single Group.

Of course, in all clubs, please look for varied skills and talents; don’t just install a friend who will blindly follow. Also important is to make sure they will attend board and membership meetings. Sadly, there are many who get on a club board and don’t participate.

Remember, the board is to manage the business of the club, and part of that is to plan for the future. This brings me to the need to mention, as the AKC (American Kennel Club) has recommended, that clubs should have an Annual Plan as well as a Strategic Plan.

Something else, pretty please: Follow your bylaws! No, really, they are not just guidelines; they are the operating rules for the entity. Communication is very important, so please follow the requirements for calling meetings, recording minutes, reporting finances, etc. If the board and/or membership does not like some of the language, work on it and formally change it by working with the AKC.

Dog clubs need members and volunteers! Get out there in your community and promote your club. Maybe the local vet office will take a small flyer; or you can try to involve your 4-H dog community, or attend the county fair or a local parade/community event of some sort.

1. Lack of Appreciation

2. Lack of/Poor Communication

3. Unclear Expectations/Directions

4. Bullying & Abuse

5. Personal Reasons (time, family, health, work, etc.)

Don’t forget social media. I am shocked that my breed has around 300 club members (not exactly certain), but the Facebook Groups have in the neighborhood of 50,000 members. If your club is having an event, post it in those groups. Please do not think the dog club members are the only good people with your breed. There are others; they just don’t know about your club—yet!

When a member or volunteer has an idea, listen! It could sound far-fetched, or it could be a really good suggestion. Don’t just say that “that’s not how we do it” or “we have always done it this way.” Improvement often comes in the form of uncomfortable change!

Enough of my volunteer and club ramblings. I’ll close with this: I love my dogs, I love this sport, and therefore, I do love to help my clubs and the fancy so that my grandkids/great-grandkids (and all the subsequent generations) will still have AKC dog clubs, dog shows, and dog sports!

Please don’t be a Blocker. Be a Welcomer and a Grower of the Dog Fancy!

Marlene Groves is a Buffalo Rancher and Retired Business Consultant. She and her husband (David) and granddaughter (Karissa) breed and show Bloodhounds. They are dedicated to their Breed Standard and to ensuring Bloodhounds can still do their job; therefore, in addition to showing, they also have dogs working in law enforcement. Groves is an active member of many dog clubs and has served on several dog club, and other non-profit, boards. She is a huge advocate for not only the dog fancy but also Junior Showmanship, and is the founding President for the Colorado Junior Foundation. Marlene is also an AKC Judge and AKC Delegate.

T here are seven MUST-haves in the AKC (American Kennel Club) Papillon Breed Standard. MUST is a very strong four-letter word! This Standard does not use the words “can,” “may,” or “might.” It states MUST. The word MUST means necessary or very important that something happens, and the Papillon Standard uses it very definitively. Let’s look at each of the seven necessary points in the Papillon Standard.

On the head, color(s) other than white MUST cover both ears, back and front, and extend without interruption from the ears over both eyes.

The Papillon Standard is very clear on the head markings; the eyes and ears must be covered in color without interruption from the eye to the ear. Anything else is considered a mismark, which the Standard states is a serious fault. Mismarks take away from the butterfly appearance of the Papillon, which is an extremely important part of breed type.

Body MUST be slightly longer than the height at withers. This has been a drag of the breed for a very long time. By definition, the word “slightly” means to a small degree. Papillons should never be long and low. Start by looking at the ground the dog is standing over and then examine the dog on the table. Check to see if the dog is slightly longer from the point of shoulder to the point of buttocks than the withers to the ground. Papillons MUST be slightly longer than tall.

Ears of the drop type, known as the Phalene, are similar to the erect type, but are carried drooping and MUST be completely down.

The erect ear should be carried erect and at 45 degrees when alert. They should not be higher than 45 degrees, as this is faulted in the Standard. The ear of a Phalene should not be confused with a soft-eared Papillon, as they should be completely down and drooping.

Forelegs slender, fine-boned and MUST be straight. The slender, fine-boned leg of a Papillon must be straight. There should be no bowing, east/west, or turning in or out of the Papillon leg.

Dewclaws, if any, MUST be removed from hind legs.

Dewclaws are optional on the forelegs. However, the rear dewclaws must be removed.

Teeth MUST meet in a scissors bite. The Papillon Standard gives no other option than a scissors bite. Overshot and undershot bites are faulted in the Standard.

Tongue MUST not be visible when jaws are closed. You should not see the tongue of a Papillon sticking out of the mouth or sticking out between a gap made at the incisors when the jaws are closed.

Please remember the MUST-haves in Papillons, as they are all-important to maintain proper Papillon breed type.

T he world fell in love with the Papillon when the Supernatural Being, AKA Kirby, posed inside The Westminster Kennel Club bowl after being named Best in Show in 1999. However, many of us were already in on the secret!

Queen Marie Antoinette of France took one to the guillotine with her in 1793. Her family in Austria, the Hapsburgs, favored the Papillon and she brought the breed into prominence in her adopted France. After her death, the staff took care of her Papillons until they died in the Paris abode still known as “The House of the Papillon.” Marie Antoinette’s favorite, “Coco,” slept in a splendid velvet-covered “kennel” which now resides in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.

While it is a very old breed and a member of the continental toy spaniel family, the Epagneul Nain Continental, the Papillon was not introduced into Great Britain until 1905 nor recognized by the American Kennel Club until 1915. It is believed that the origin of the breed was Italy and they were transported on the back of mules through Spain to France. The original variety of the breed is the dropped ear style, the Phalene (fay-lyn) which is French for moth. Legend has it that the Phalene was bred with the Pomeranian, resulting in erect ears which became dominant. While no one really knows, we do know that Papillon (papy-yon) is French for butterfly... and the breed is the Butterfly of the Dog World.

“Fine-boned, dainty, elegant” is the take-away phrase from a seminar on the Papillon. Add the requisite “happy, alert and friendly” and you have a good beginning understanding of the breed. The surprise to many is the extreme intelligence and amazing athleticism of this small dog.

This breed is not Barbie-without-a-brain; it is Miss Universe with a PhD, an M.D. and a Miss Congeniality title too! Beautiful and Bright… Elegant and Athletic...

Papillons are very small: 8 to 11 inches, with weight proportionate to the height... which means in the neighborhood of 5 to 9 pounds. The AKC Breed Standard calls for fine-boned four times. Included in the hallmarks of the breed are the fine-boned structure and the dainty, light appearance. Think of a ballet dancer; very athletic but still ethereal looking.

These are small dogs with a big dog mentality. They are seldom afraid of people or other animals; sometimes to their detriment. Papillons often rule the home as they have no problem outsmarting their owners. Remember the film, “All About Eve?” Paps have a charming way to get their way! It will happen subtly, almost before you know it.

This breed is widely known as the “Do It All Toy Dog.” Favorites of performance aficionados, Papillons excel in Agility, Obedience, and Rally as well as the Conformation ring. They are easily trained, as their reason for being is to please their master and to love and be loved. Positive reinforcement is the key.

In 2000, a Papillon named Delta was named winner of the AKC’s American Canine Excellence (ACE) award. Delta was the companion and assistant of Lauren Wilson, a little person with a progressive muscular disease. Lauren and Delta were featured twice on ABC’s television show 20/20, introduced by Barbara Walters and Diane Sawyer in a segment entitled, “The Little Dog That Could.”

Papillons are generally healthy. Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) has been linked to the breed; however, the DNA marker for PRA in Papillons was found. A simple DNA test swab can give a definite diagnosis for the blinding disease and is a must for dogs used in breeding programs. Responsible breeders are careful not to breed dogs with genetically linked problems such as patella luxation. It is imperative to work with a reputable breeder when looking for a Papillon. If you are beginning to search for a Papillon, be prepared to be interviewed extensively by the breeder and ready yourself for a wait. Papillons average only two pups in a litter and weigh only a few ounces at birth. They are, however, worth the usual wait and often lead active lives for 14-plus years.

The hallmark of the breed is the pair of large, rounded butterfly-like ears. The ear fringe adds to the butterfly illusion. Genetically, the black and white and tri-colored Paps usually carry more ear fringe than their red sable and white relatives. While I cannot back my next statement with science, I believe the large ears make the Papillons super-sensitive to sound. A Papillon is unmatched as an alert dog!

Grooming for a pet Papillon requires regular baths, nail clipping, and frequent brushing. While the coat is single and silky, it can mat rather quickly on an active Papillon.

Dental care is a must for Papillons as it is for all Toy dogs.

Papillons are not usually a good choice for a family with young children. Because of their size and fine bone structure, they can be injured in well-meaning play. If there are other dogs in the home, be very careful of mixing dogs with prey drive and Papillons. Paps cannot be convinced that they are small Toy dogs and have no hesitation to challenge a large dog for a toy or a treat.

Obviously, Papillons are an indoor breed, but they do enjoy walks and some time outside with their family. Many love to ride in the car and generally accompany their owners everywhere. They are easy travelers on airplanes and bond to their carriers almost immediately.

This is a high-energy, intelligent breed which demands attention from their owners. Should you run into Lauren Bacall, Glen Close, or Christina Aguilera, ask about their Papillons. And remember the movie, “Gremlins?” You are right, Steven Spielberg’s Papillon was the inspiration!

For further information about this delightful breed, go the website of the Papillon Club of America: papillonclub.org.

I ’ve spent “some time” in the world of purebred dogs—studying pedigrees, bathing dogs at midnight, whelping litters, and showing up at ringside no matter the weather (or the odds). I’ve also spent years studying human behavior, working in behavioral health and working with people navigating life’s emotional minefields.

And let me tell you—nothing creates a more toxic brew in this sport than a good old-fashioned grudge.

We’ve all been there: the judge who passed over your dog, the breeder who didn’t return your call, the handler who stepped in just as you were finding your footing. The sting of disappointment, embarrassment, or betrayal can linger long past the ribbons. But when we let that feeling fester—when it becomes a grudge—it does more than weigh us down. It infects the whole atmosphere of the sport.

Dog shows are, by nature, competitive. We’re comparing dogs, evaluating structure and type, and yes, trying to win. That competition can bring out the best in us: drive, dedication, attention to detail. But it can also bring out the worst: jealousy, resentment, suspicion.

Here’s the hard truth: We’re not just competing with each other. We are, in many ways, relying on each other. The same person who beat you today might have the stud dog you need tomorrow. The person who placed behind you might produce a puppy that complements your line perfectly.

If we treat every ring result like a personal attack, we poison relationships that could help our breeding programs, and we hurt the very dogs we claim to prioritize.

I’ve been involved in dogs long enough to know that no one does this alone. Breeding responsibly requires collaboration, from sharing data to swapping puppies, to co-owning prospects, giving honest feedback, and staying open to hard conversations without ego.

But if we’re operating in a climate of suspicion, with silent scores to settle, none of that can happen. People start hoarding information, cutting off lines of communication, and closing the door on others, all out of fear or pride.

And you know who pays the price? The dogs. The breed.

Now more than ever, we need new people in our sport. We need young people, new families, and passionate hobbyists. But when they walk into a ring or join a club and feel tension in the air—cold shoulders, whispered gossip, or a sense that “you’re not one of us yet”—they won’t stay.

Holding grudges doesn’t just harm your relationships with peers. It sends a message: This is not a welcoming space. And that’s a message we simply cannot afford to send if we want this sport, and our much loved breeds, to thrive.

Let me be clear: Not every situation should be smoothed over and forgotten. There are real issues in this sport, such as unethical breeders, hoarders, people who mistreat dogs, people who mistreat people... the list goes on. These things deserve to be addressed firmly, ethically, and with the dogs’ and their humans’ welfare at the center.

But there is a big difference between holding someone accountable and carrying a lifelong grudge that turns into bitterness. If we internalize every injustice or misstep we witness, we burn out. We become jaded, hardened, and closed off, and that doesn’t help the dogs either.

So, what’s the solution?

• Speak up when it matters, through the right channels: clubs, breed organizations, the AKC (American Kennel Club), or beyond.

• Support education and mentoring instead of canceling people out.

• Protect dogs and people first, always, but don’t let their well-being become the justification for ongoing drama.

• And then, let go of the anger once the action is taken.

You can be firm without being cruel. You can take a stand without holding a grudge. And you can protect your values and the values of this sport without poisoning your joy.

Letting go of a grudge doesn’t mean pretending nothing happened. It means deciding that your peace, your integrity, and the health of the sport matter more than clinging to a past slight.

It’s choosing to reset the tone. To greet that old rival with kindness. To compliment someone’s dog even if they don’t return the favor. To welcome the newcomer, even if no one welcomed you when you started.

It’s remembering that behind every kennel name is a person, and behind every person, a love for dogs that’s not so different from your own.

The dogs are always watching us. They don’t care who won yesterday. They care about the leash in your hand, the tone of your voice, and the joy you carry into the ring.

Let that joy lead you. Let go of what no longer serves you.

And let’s build a sport that we can all be proud of—together.

I t’s one of those questions that can stop you in your tracks: What would happen to my dog if I died tomorrow? As a dedicated dog owner, you probably already have a bag packed for emergencies, a trusted vet on speed dial, and more dog gear than human furniture. But do you have a solid plan for your dog’s future if you’re suddenly not around?

It’s not a fun topic, but it’s a necessary one.

Just as we plan for our loved ones through wills, life insurance, and end-of-life documents, our animals deserve the same forethought. They depend on us for everything, and in the event of our unexpected death or incapacitation, they need a clear and safe path forward. Here’s how to make sure they have one.

Before we even talk about wills and legal language, let’s start at the moment something happens. Say you’re in a car accident and don’t come home. Who will know you have a dog, or two, or five, waiting at home?

You need an “In Case of Emergency” plan for your pets. Think about how many hours could pass before someone realizes your dog is alone. Now imagine it’s a summer day, and the air conditioning goes out. Or your dog needs meds. It’s terrifying, and preventable.

What to do right now:

• Keep an emergency pet card in your wallet listing your dogs and their names, breeds, your address, and emergency contacts who know your dogs.

• Add a note to your phone’s lock screen with the same info.

• Talk with at least two people who can access your home if needed.

Give them a key or access code and make sure they know where to find your dogs’ food, medications, leashes, and vet info.

That’s your first line of defense: making sure your dogs aren’t stranded.

Now let’s talk about your will. If you already have one, great—but does it mention your dogs? Most don’t.

Dogs are legally considered property, which is exactly how they should be viewed from a legal standpoint. This classification protects ownership rights and ensures that we, as responsible owners, can make decisions on their behalf. Without this framework, we risk ceding control to outside forces that don’t always understand or respect the human–animal bond in the same way we do.

Because of this, if you don’t legally assign their care in your will or set up a trust, your dog’s future could be determined by strangers or default intestate laws. Even well-meaning relatives may not be prepared—or willing—to take your dogs, which is why planning matters.

Here’s how to prevent that:

1. Name a Pet Guardian in Your Will

This is someone you trust to take full custody of your dog.

You can specify who should care for each animal and outline basic wishes—such as “keep siblings together” or “never rehome unless absolutely necessary.” Always talk to the person beforehand. Don’t surprise them with a 90-pound dog and a clause in your will.

2. Set Aside Funds for Their Care

You can’t legally leave money to your dog, but you can leave money for their care. One option is to name your chosen person as the beneficiary of a designated amount with instructions that the funds are to be used for your pet. Be clear: this isn’t enforceable unless it’s set up as a legal pet trust.

3. Consider a Pet Trust

If you want to ensure oversight, a pet trust is the way to go.

It allows you to:

• Designate a caregiver.

• Assign a trustee to manage funds.

• Spell out exactly how your dog should be cared for, from food to vet visits to end-of-life decisions. A trust is especially valuable if you have multiple dogs, rare breeds, animals with health conditions, or if you suspect disputes among family members.

Even your most devoted dog-loving friend might face a life change: a divorce, a new baby, a move, an allergy. That’s why it’s smart to name alternates in your will or trust. These backup caregivers can step in if your first choice can’t follow through.

You might also want to create a care plan that outlines what you want—your dog’s favorite toy, their quirks, how they get along with other dogs, or whether they’re crate trained. This guide can go in your estate file, or even be emailed to your trusted circle.

It’s especially helpful if your dogs come from a breeder with rehoming clauses or you have specific requests about keeping them within your breed community.

Most preservation breeders include a “return to breeder” clause in their contracts, taking back dogs no matter how long it’s been. If your dog came from a responsible breeder, reach out now and ask what their policy is if something should happen to you. Document it.

If your dog came from a rescue, read the fine print. Some rescues claim ownership forever, and they might step in if they find out you’ve passed away—even if your will says otherwise. Yes, it’s messy. That’s why it’s crucial to align your legal documents with your dog’s origin and your intentions.

It happens. Maybe your family isn’t dog-savvy. Maybe your friends travel too much. That’s when your planning becomes even more essential.

Reach out to breed clubs, trainers, or rescues you trust—now. Ask if they can be part of a rehoming plan. Some offer formal legacy programs; others may be open to an informal agreement. But nothing happens unless you start the conversation.

You can also work with estate planning attorneys who specialize in pet trusts or companion animal clauses. Don’t just let a lawyer say, “We’ll mention the dog.” Be detailed.

Life changes. People move. Dogs age. You need to revisit your plan every year, just like you should with home and auto insurance, or your health proxy. (If you haven’t done that either, it’s time.)

Let your emergency contacts know if your dogs change, if someone new joins your household, or if your preferred vet changes. Update your files, wallet card, and digital notes accordingly.

We pour so much of ourselves into our dogs. We train them, feed them, walk them in all weather, take selfies with them, and build our routines around their needs. The thought of them ending up scared, alone, or in a shelter because we didn’t plan? Unthinkable.

But it happens. Every day. Shelters are filled with dogs whose owners passed away and didn’t leave a roadmap.

Don’t leave your dog’s future to chance.

Put a plan in writing. Tell your people. Keep it updated. Whether your dog lives another year or another decade, you’ll rest easier knowing that no matter what happens to you, they’ll be loved, protected, and in a safe and loving home.

Dédé Wilson is a journalist, content strategist, and AKC Breeder of Merit with a media background spanning radio, print, digital, and television. A former Bon Appétit editor and public TV host, she’s also a professional recipe developer and cookbook author. A lifelong advocate for purpose-bred dogs, she is a member of the Bull Terrier Club of America and serves as Corresponding Secretary and New Member Chair for the Miniature Bull Terrier Club of America, and she writes regularly about canine behavior, health, and responsible breeding. Dédé is proud to be involved in Conformation and Performance, having a Van Hildrikhusen Trophy and Westminster Kennel Club Best of Breed Winner, as well as the first and Lifetime Platinum NOHS Miniature Bull Terrier. Her third-generation kennel name, Legacy, is in honor of her father, who introduced her to the world of purebred dogs.

D ogs around the world serve as loyal companions and invaluable workers, and among the most notable and heroic are Search and Rescue (SAR) dogs. These specially trained canines are essential in locating and saving injured or missing people during natural disasters and other emergencies. Thanks to their powerful senses, SAR dogs save lives every week in situations where human ability alone falls short.

But what exactly does “Search and Rescue” mean when it comes to dogs? According to the National Association of Search and Rescue, it’s “the act of finding and returning to safety the survivors from an emergency incident.” More broadly, it includes “any operation aimed at helping someone in trouble, someone who cannot solve his or her problem alone.” The organization defines “search” as locating a person in distress, while “rescue” involves retrieving that person, offering initial aid, and delivering them to safety.

Barry Roland, a longtime member of Georgia Piedmont Region K-9 Search and Rescue, based south of Atlanta, knows this work well. As the team’s Treasurer and Training Director, Roland has spent decades immersed in the SAR world. He’s also deeply connected to one of the most iconic breeds in the field: the Saint Bernard.

Roland has owned Saint Bernards for more than 45 years, and Portuguese Water Dogs for over 30. He is an AKC (American Kennel Club) Judge in Conformation, Obedience, and Rally, as well as a Draft Test and Weight Pull Judge. He emphasizes that training a SAR dog is a highly demanding process, broken down into three core areas:

1. Search Training focuses on locating people, including specialties like land, water, and air search, along with theory, planning, and working with search dogs.

2. Rescue Training prepares dogs and handlers for various environments, such as mountains, wilderness, ice, water, or urban settings. Equipment and methods vary depending on terrain.

3. Survival/Support Training teaches essential skills like wilderness survival, fitness, navigation, communication, and improvisation.

Though these categories offer a framework, the real-life training journey is intensive. It takes hundreds of hours from puppyhood to “make” a fully ready SAR dog, according to Roland. While any breed can technically do SAR work, he stresses the importance of starting at around eight weeks and selecting a dog with a high level of drive and eagerness.

Training begins with short drills, gradually progressing to advanced simulations. The breed and size of the dog must suit the task. For example, Roland notes, “You must be aware that if you want to do trailing you will not be able to use a Toy breed… Some of the lost persons being trailed may travel more than five miles, so you are going to need a medium-sized, strong, agile dog that can walk great distances. You may work through urban streets or wooded and mountainous areas with a trailing dog.”

The same sort of criteria should also be considered for human remains detection dogs, also known as cadaver dogs. “A human remains detection dog (cadaver dog) must have the same intensity as a trailing dog,” Roland explains. “It goes without saying that a trailing dog must be able to differentiate between the scent of different persons.”

Though the goals differ, trailing and cadaver dog training share many similarities. Roland points out there’s no single right method; training is based on what the individual dog best responds to. “A human remains dog will be asked to find the body of a human in any environment, be it on the surface, buried, or in the water,” Roland details. “They must be able to differentiate between human remains and other animal remains. We do not want the dog to indicate on a buried horse or some other animal and cause law enforcement to dig or send down divers when it is not necessary. This can happen if a dog is not properly trained.”

SAR dogs can come from different beginnings. Some start out as pets whose owners become interested in SAR and pursue training. Others are brought up by experienced handlers. Roland’s own journey into SAR was unexpected. “I came to SAR being invited by one of my Obedience students to come to a training session, and then on a search and was immediately drawn to it,” he shares. “I worked as support for five years as the training director, helping to train handlers’ dogs in their disciplines until one of my teammates told me he had cancer and wanted me to take his dogs and continue their work.”

That pivotal moment led to a long-term commitment. “I worked this dog until her retirement last year. In 2021, a second teammate died from a heart attack and left his dogs to me, and I have continued to work, train, and certify them since.”

While no one team’s journey is precisely the same, there is one mission and general purpose they all share, which can best be explained as the perfect illustration of humanity and selflessness. “Since there is no financial compensation, most people do Search and Rescue because of an inherent motivation to help others in need,” Roland says. “The backbone of every search effort is primarily volunteers and involves extremely demanding work.”

M ost breeder-exhibitors have rules and policies that we abide by, to keep our numbers manageable and help ensure that the dogs we sell go to dedicated people who have the facilities to care for them. With that said, it’s always wise to remain flexible enough to break our own rules now and then, when an exceptional owner or an exceptional dog comes along that is worth accommodating.

Here are a few examples taken from my own dog experiences over five decades, when I had to bend the rules and was ultimately very glad I did.

Most breeders, except for those raising Toys, would probably favor homes that offered a fenced yard for a new puppy. The larger and more active the breed, the greater the requirement. However, thinking back to my early 20s, I got my first two Afghan Hounds in my first apartment, with my first job. I found a nearby fenced football field where I took the dogs several times a week for off-leash exercise. I also biked them during off hours at a shopping center parking lot. It can be done, when dedication to the dog’s needs are made a priority. As dogs get older, most can settle into a routine of regular walks on a leash.

When a great couple with large-dog experience came to me for a puppy, past homeowners now living in an apartment close to the university campus where they were both in graduate school, I felt comfortable placing a dog with them. Their hours were flexible, and they understood the importance of free exercise for a growing sighthound puppy. Eventually, they started participating in Lure Coursing with a nearby group. Just as the breeder who placed those first two dogs with me, back in my 20s, believed in my commitment, this was my opportunity to pay it forward, and encourage an enthusiastic couple who I felt would make significant contributions to the breed. They didn’t let me down, and I’m proud to have been an early mentor of theirs.

We’ve all seen big, untrained, undisciplined dogs dragging their hapless owners down the street. It would be funny, if it weren’t so dangerous. For seniors, we typically suggest smaller breeds, which are often easier to control and less apt to cause physical harm if an owner does fall during a play session or a walk. But, of course, we all know slightly built professional handlers in their 80s who are exhibiting Great Danes and Mastiffs with grace and control.

After my life partner passed away a few years ago, I made the difficult decision to place my three adult male Afghan Hounds, and keep my three adult bitches. Two went to Conformation people. The last boy was a tall, lightly coated, muscular athlete, running laps around the yard, jumping over hurdles, and chasing his housemates for hours on end. Oh, to find a young Agility or Lure Coursing enthusiast who could keep up with his energy level and thrill to the sight of him galloping at full speed.

Through word of mouth, a woman in the Midwest phoned me who had lost her elderly Afghan and wanted another. As we spoke, and I heard about her grown children, and a grandchild or two, I worried that he was simply too much dog for her. I hinted at his high energy level, and my prediction that he would make a great Performance dog for someone. Then she informed me that she had just come back from a trip to the East Coast: to visit her daughter and to run in the annual New York City Marathon! We had a good laugh, and she subsequently sent me photos of her tall, lean, physically fit self running other marathons, as well as shots of the old Afghan she was missing so much. She and her husband were avid hikers, and she needed another Afghan to walk five miles a day with. We made plans to meet at Purina Farms outside St. Louis, Missouri, on a weekend in mid-November; I brought along our athletic boy, along with his lookalike aunt, so she could see the family resemblance, and after visiting awhile, off she drove with a very happy addition to her family. She and I each had much to be grateful for that Thanksgiving. Since then, I have enjoyed many winter photos of my athletic boy accompanying his spry owners on cross-country skiing adventures.

For years and years, I kept only girls. It was so much easier when somebody came in season, and for the price of a stud fee, I had access to any male in the country—and today, the world.

And then I had a litter that contained a very special boy. Not my favorite color, but from a very young age his superior structure and natural showmanship could not be denied. Those friends with whom I felt comfortable co-owning dogs were all expecting their own litters, and so, the offer of my boy did not come at an opportune time. We were also still collectively smarting from the recent experience of a sweet but naïve pet owner who had agreed to keep her promising male puppy intact for the breeder to show, only to have her veterinarian bamboozle her into neutering him early. Of course, she forgot to check her sales contract.

That was it; my boy was staying. I’ve always believed, “if a dog is that good, keep it,” and I had to follow my own advice, gender notwithstanding. I finished him quickly from the Bred-By class, he won at least a dozen Bred-By Hound Group Firsts before two years of age, and he didn’t howl the house down when a girl came in season.

Rules keep us focused but are made to, occasionally, judiciously, be broken when certain situations present themselves. The most successful dog people stay flexible, and always have a Plan B in their back pocket.

Although Allan Reznik has worn many hats in the dog show world over the past 50 years, he is probably best known as an award-winning journalist and broadcaster. He was the Editor-in-Chief of Dogs in Canada, Dog World, Dog Fancy, and Dogs in Review magazines. All four publications received national honors from the Dog Writers Association of America while under his stewardship. Reznik appears regularly on national TV and radio to discuss the dog show sport as well as all aspects of responsible animal ownership. He has bred and shown champion Afghan Hounds, Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, and Tibetan Spaniels. He is an AKC judge of more than 20 breeds across the Hound, Toy, and Non-Sporting Groups.

W hen I attended my first show handling class in 1985, things were done a little differently than they are today. Back then, the instructor was a rather elderly woman with a great deal of experience and very little patience. Ms. No-Nonsense ran her classroom the way many judges of the day ran their ring: imperiously. In fact, the instructor was downright rude at times, and more than one of her students was left in tears by a caustic comment delivered unapologetically. Yet for all the harsh words (and hurt feelings), no one ever walked out of class and everyone always returned the following week. And each week, the dog and handler teams improved, so much so that by graduation it was hard to believe how far everyone had come. Gone were the novice handlers with dogs that lunged and pulled (and peed) in the ring, replaced by capable exhibitors who accepted their certificates with a well-behaved dog by their side, ready to sign-up for the eight-week Intermediate course.

Forty years ago, students were inspired to continue the progress they’d made—no matter the bruised egos. Of course, not every class was run like a military operation, but it was understood that progress could only be made through trial and error and a commitment to the process. Results came in due time and were measured in incremental improvements as well as by championships. Fast forward to today, and the dog-training environment seems to have undergone a metamorphosis. Gone are the drill sergeant instructors who barked commands and offered unsolicited criticism, replaced by empathetic counselors who offer plenty of encouragement but little to no critique. At the last show handling class that I attended, people were dropping in and out as though they were delivering pizza, while others sat on the sidelines eating snacks or scrolling through their phones. Even the instructor sat in a chair, pointing instructions. I’m pretty sure that, despite her advanced years, Ms. No-Nonsense would have never sat down during her class and she would have never allowed anyone to chew gum much less eat pizza. As for the phones? They were all back home, secured to a wall in everyone’s kitchen.

I know, I know, you’re likely asking, “Is this guy a boomer or what?” Well, yes, he is, but he’s also someone who was taught to learn at a time when teachers had absolute authority in their classrooms. That’s simply the way it was, and the hierarchy created an order that all students—and their dogs—seemed to understand. Of course, times have changed, and learning is no longer relegated to the classroom, library, or training facility. Thanks to the Internet and smart phones, all the information of the ages is available at our fingertips. When I typed “How do I teach my dog to move on a show lead?” into a search engine, the results included innumerable web solutions as well as one four-minute video that offered practical advice on how to hold the lead and what to do with my other hand. Students today no longer need to go to a physical classroom to gain knowledge or earn a diploma, and exhibitors can even achieve some titles on their dogs virtually. It’s incredible, really, but does a prerecorded video replace live instruction—in-person or online?

Although educational videos are here to stay, nothing can take the place of a learning environment that offers immediate feedback—for the benefit of both dogs and their handlers. Online classes do provide useful information and allow students to interact in ways that can increase awareness and improve performance, but they’re not equipped to offer feedback directly to the dog. For all their intelligence, dogs can’t Google. At least not yet. And like most of us, dogs are social animals that learn from (meta)physical cues that are not reliably translated in the digital environment. (Dogs don’t always respond well to “virtual” body language, though some do seem to watch TV with great interest.) In real world spaces, both dogs and humans socialize in ways that allow learning to take place more instinctively and intuitively, and more directly. Even self-described introverts learn by sitting quietly in a room with others, simply observing the goings-on. This goes for human students as well as their canine partners.

Today, exhibitors appreciate show handling classes that recognize the relationship that exists between each dog and handler team. Unlike the classes of my youth, instruction now focuses on partnership as well as on performance and breed-specific presentation. Military-style instruction is no longer appreciated by students who view their dogs as loving partners, not subjects in need of praise or punishment. It’s not that students didn’t love their dogs in the past. They did, but they also learned how to work with their dogs by utilizing the available resources—books from the library and instructors like Ms. No-Nonsense. Nowadays, however, learning how to show a dog only requires an Internet connection. But WiFi itself isn’t going to make someone’s BFF a Champion. To achieve that goal, instruction needs to come from experienced mentors who can provide helpful advice based on personal observation—delivered in a manner that’s relatable for the times.

ALLEN, R...........................................................................209 ANDERSON, D...............................................................223 BALETKA, D.....................................................................175 BAPTISTE-LAZURKA, K............................................179 BARLAK, M......................................................................209 BEREZKINA, L ..................................................................29 BERNIER, R ........................................................................79 BITZ, D .............................................................................17-19 BREEN, C.................................................................... 116-117 BRENNAN, J ....................................................................109 BRIMMER, J .....................................................................187 BURNHAM, L.............................................................96-97 CALDWELL, P & R ...................................................60-61 CAMPBELL, H.................................................................. 49 CARLSON, K & D .............................................................55 CASSELLA, K............................................................ 116-117 COHEN, C............................................................................25 COLLINS, T .......................................................................179 COSENZA, R .....................................................................161 DANIEL, C ...................................................................68-69 DATTILIO, S ........................................................... 242-243 DAVIS, C...............................................................................33 DAVIS, J..............................................................................109 DEANS, S & B .....................................................................51 DEBARD, A.........................................................................57 DEL CASTILLO, S..............................................................51 DICKINSON CASHIN, M..............................................25 DOHANY, D & L .............................................................. 2-3 DOOLEY, C ........................................................................40 DUBE, D ..............................................................................101 FELIX, A ..............................................................................183 FERRARI, A.........................................................................33 FERRERO, D ..............................................................96-97 FLEISCHAKER, J............................................................8-9 FLORA, J......................................................................96-97 FORSELL, M.......................................................................79 FRYER, C............................................................................183 GALLAGHER, E...............................................................109 GARCIA, A.........................................................................185 GOARE SMITH, S........................................................... 137 GONZALEZ, G.................................................................4-5 GORDON, T ................................................................ 38-39 GOURLEY, C...............................................................84-85 GRABER FAMILY.............................................................35 GRANT, R, S & M ............................................................6-7 GRENIER, K ......................................................................189 GUNDERSON, C ............................................................189 HAMMAN, B .................................................................... 213 HARTMAN, C................................................................ 10-11 HASH-DAVIS, L ..............................................................165 HASH-O’KEEFE, B........................................................165 HASSLER-DETERDING, Y........................................6-7 HAYNIE, L & R .........................................................152-153 HEALD, B.....................................................................96-97 HEFFNER, C ....................................................................223 HENRY, J ..............................................................................47 HEYWOOD, D & J.........................................................157 HIGGINS, N..................................................................92-93 HOBBES, J........................................................................8-9 HUBBARD, J..............................................................60-63 HUEY, K ................................................................................27 HUGHES, S & C...............................................................169 HUTSON, E .........................................................................77 INFINITY CANINE, LLC ..............................................123 ISAACS, S & C................................................................... 113 JOHNSON, D .............................................................60-63 JOHNSON, G ....................................................................171 KAVAFIAN, I.....................................................................109 KOSTER, J ..........................................................................161 LEESE, J.............................................................................. 213 LEONARD, L ......................................................................23 LEYERLY, S..........................................................................57 MARTIN-TUCKER, M ................................................... 133 MASETH, S & B .................................................................62 MAYER, E.................................................................... 116-117 MCCLISTER, J & R.........................................................8-9 MCDONALD, S ................................................................ 89 MCGRIFF, K ......................................................................187 MERCED WORTH, A .....................................................77 MESMER, S.........................................................................27 MILLER, C..........................................................................125 MILLER, J...........................................................................109 MILLER, K.......................................................................12-13 MILLER, T ...........................................................................101 MINGEE, C ........................................................................105 MINGEE, K ........................................................................105 MINNER, C ......................................................................... 89 NIELSON, C & J ..............................................................169 NUNES-ATKINSON, V.................................................6-7 OBLISK, R..........................................................................139 ORLANDI, C .....................................................................4-5 PARK, D...............................................................................101 PATRICK, K ....................................................................... 213 PETERSON, A & M ...........................................................51 PHILLIPS, I........................................................................183 PHOTOS, P ....................................................................... 213 PLOURDE, J .....................................................................179 PURINA ............................................................................... 45 RAPPAPORT, C ..............................................................109 REDFERN, J ..................................................................... 135 RICHMOND, N ................................................................4-5 RIVES, S............................................................................... 43 ROBINSON, T.....................................................................21 ROSENTHAL, J ............................................................17-19 RUSHBY, K ............................................................................. 1 SALOW, D............................................................................57 SCHIFF, K........................................................................... 135 SCHIFFLETT, M ................................................................ 81 SCHIFFLETT, S.................................................................. 81 SCHRANK, S & E..............................................................67 SHEA BROOKS, E ..................................................... 18-19 SHELTON, B .......................................................................57 SHOWOFF RIBBON RACKS..................................203 SIMPSON, S........................................................................... 1 SMITH, O.............................................................................191 SMITH, T............................................................................. 137 STEPHENS, E...................................................................183 STRETCH, C................................................................... 10-11 STUDHOLME, L................................................................... 1 STUTZ, S.............................................................................6-7 SULLIVAN, D......................................................................73 TATSIS, N ................................................................242-244 THOMAS, S.........................................................................37 TIFFANY, M & M ....................................................194-195 TODD, J ............................................................................... 43 TUCKER, M ....................................................................... 133 TUTTLE, K.................................................................128-129 TWITCHELL, R ..................................................................77 TZANIS, E ...............................................................242-244 WEHRFRITZ FAMILY.....................................................35 WHITTER, L.........................................................................19 WILLER, J & R ............................................................52-53 WINTON, J ..........................................................................29 WOHLFERD, B ..................................................................21 WOOD, M ..........................................................................199 WORTH, J............................................................................77 YADONG, N .........................................................................21 YARLING, J........................................................................ 175